Listeria-based adjuvants

ABSTRACT

This invention provides methods and compositions for using  Listeria monocytogenes  as an adjuvant for enhancing immune responses in a subject.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent applicationNo. 61/451,651, filed Mar. 11, 2011. This application further claimspriority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/290,783, filed Nov. 7,2011, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No.12/993,380, filed Feb. 7, 2011, which claims priority to internationalapplication number PCT/US09/44538, filed May 19, 2009, which claims thebenefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/071,792, filed May 19,2008. This application also claims priority to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/027,828 filed Feb. 15, 2011, which claims the benefit ofU.S. provisional application No. 61/304,701, filed Feb. 15, 2010. Thisapplication also claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/210,696, filed Aug. 16, 2011, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/945,386, filed Nov. 12, 2010, which claims thebenefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/260,277, filed Nov. 11,2009. These applications are hereby incorporated in their entirety byreference herein.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention provides methods and compositions for using Listeriamonocytogenes as an adjuvant for enhancing immune responses in asubject.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Adjuvants have extensive use in immunotherapy. The majority of cellularbased immunotherapies administer adjuvants prior to giving antigenspecific treatment. Typically these antigens include GM-CSF, IL-1,QP-100, Keyhole Limpet Cynanin, and others. These adjuvants aretypically administered systemically via IV, IM, ID or similar routes.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an intracellular pathogen that primarilyinfects antigen presenting cells and has adapted for life in thecytoplasm of these cells. Listeria monocytogenes and a protein itproduces named listeriolysin O (LLO) have strong adjuvant properties,that unlike the majority of adjuvants used for cellular basedimmunotherapies, can be administered after providing an antigen specifictreatment.

A method of rapidly elevating a subject's immune response to any antigenis needed in order to decrease disease frequency in the subject andmortality resulting thereof. The present invention provides methods ofelevating an immune response in subjects such as human adults andchildren by taking advantage of the adjuvant properties provided by liveLm vaccines that secrete non-hemolytic LLO or a truncated ActA.

Further, the same method is provided to reconstitute the immune responseor facilitate the recovery of an immune response to normal orapproximately normal levels in subjects that have undergone cytotoxictreatment as a result of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment the invention relates to a method of reconstituting animmune response in a subject, the method comprising the step ofadministering a live attenuated Listeria vaccine strain to the subject.

In one embodiment the invention relates to a method of reconstituting animmune response in a subject, the method comprising the step ofadministering a live attenuated Listeria vaccine strain to the subject,the Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid molecule, wherein thenucleic acid molecule comprises a first open reading frame encoding aPEST-containing polypeptide

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of facilitatingrecovery of immune responses after cytotoxic treatments in a subject,the method comprising administering a live attenuated Listeria vaccinestrain to the subject

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of facilitatingrecovery of immune responses after cytotoxic treatments in a subject,the method comprising administering a live attenuated Listeria vaccinestrain to the subject In another embodiment the Listeria straincomprising a nucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid moleculecomprises a first open reading frame encoding a PEST-containingpolypeptide.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of improving theimmunogenicity of a vaccine, said method comprising the step ofco-administering the vaccine and a Listeria-based adjuvant to a subject,wherein the Listeria-based adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of saidvaccine, thereby improving the immunogenicity of the vaccine.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of enhancing animmune response against a disease in an antigen-independent manner in asubject, said method comprising administering a Listeria-based adjuvantto the subject.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description examples and figures.It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and thespecific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of theinvention are given by way of illustration only, since various changesand modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art from this detaileddescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic map of E. coli-Listeria shuttle plasmids pGG55(above) and pTV3 (below). CAT(−): E. coli chloramphenicol transferase;CAT(+): Listeria chloramphenicol transferase; On Lm: replication originfor Listeria; Ori Ec: p15 origin of replication for E. coli; prfA:Listeria pathogenicity regulating factor A; LLO: C-terminally truncatedlisteriolysin O, including its promoter; E7: HPV E7; p60-dal; expressioncassette of p60 promoter and Listeria dal gene. Selected restrictionsites are also depicted.

FIG. 2 shows the DNA sequences present upstream and downstream of theinlC region on the genome of Listeria strain EGD. DNA-up (red), inlCgene (blue) and DNA-down (black).

FIG. 3 shows the sequence of DNA that is cloned in the temperaturesensitive plasmid, pKSV7 to create inl C deletion mutant. Therestriction enzyme sites used for cloning of these regions are indicatedin caps and underlined. GAATTC-EcoRI, GGATCC-BamHI and CTGCAg-PstI. TheEcoRI-PstI insert is cloned in the vector, pKSV7.

FIG. 4 shows a Schematic representation of the Lm-dd and Lm-ddD actAstrains The gel showing the size of PCR products using oligo's ½ andoligo's ¾ obtained using e chromosomal DNA of the strains, Lm-dd andLm-ddAactA as template.

FIG. 5 shows the DNA sequence present upstream and downstream of theactA gene in the Listeria chromosome. The region in italics contains theresidual actA sequence element that is present in the LmddΔactA strain.The underlined sequence gtcgac represent the restriction site of XhoI,which is the junction between the N-T and C-T region of actA.

FIG. 6 depicts tumor regression in response to administration of Lmvaccine strains (A). Circles represent naive mice, inverted trianglesrepresent mice administered Lmdd-TV3, and crosses represent miceadministered Lm-LLOE7.

FIG. 7 shows a decrease in MDSCs and Tregs in tumors. The number ofMDSCs (right-hand panel) and Tregs (left-hand panel) following Lmvaccination (LmddAPSA and LmddAE7).

FIG. 8 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that monocytic MDSCsfrom TPSA23 tumors are less suppressive after Listeria vaccination. Thischange in the suppressive ability of the MDSCs is not antigen specificas the same decrease in suppression is seen with PSA-antigen specific Tcells and also with non-specifically stimulated T cells. The No MDSCgroup shows the lack of division of the responder T cells when they areleft unstimulated and the last group shows the division of stimulatedcells with no MDSCs added to suppress division. Left-hand panels showindividual cell division cycles for each group. Right-hand panels showpooled division cycles.

FIG. 9 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that Listeria has noeffect on splenic monocytic MDSCs and they are only suppressive in anantigen-specific manner. The No MDSC group shows the lack of division ofthe responder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no MDSCs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 10 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that granulocyticMDSCs from tumors have a reduced ability to suppress T cells afterListeria vaccination. This change in the suppressive ability of theMDSCs is not antigen specific as the same decrease in suppression isseen with PSA-antigen specific T cells and also with non-specificallystimulated T cells. The No MDSC group shows the lack of division of theresponder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no MDSCs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 11 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that Listeria has noeffect on splenic granulocytic MDSCs and they are only suppressive in anantigen-specific manner. The No MDSC group shows the lack of division ofthe responder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no MDSCs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 12 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that Tregs from tumorsare still suppressive. There is a slight decrease in the suppressiveability of Tregs in a non-antigen specific manner, in this tumor model.The No Treg group shows the lack of division of the responder T cellswhen they are left unstimulated and the last group shows the division ofstimulated cells with no Tregs added to suppress division. Left-handpanels show individual cell division cycles for each group. Right-handpanels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 13 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that splenic Tregs arestill suppressive. The No Treg group shows the lack of division of theresponder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no Tregs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 14 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that conventional CD4+T cells have no effect on cell division regardless if whether they arefound in the tumors or spleens of mice. Left-hand and Right-hand panelsshow pooled division cycles.

FIG. 15 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that monocytic MDSCsfrom 4T1 tumors have decreased suppressive ability after Listeriavaccination. This change in the suppressive ability of the MDSCs is notantigen specific as the same decrease in suppression is seen withHer2/neu-antigen specific T cells and also with non-specificallystimulated T cells. The No MDSC group shows the lack of division of theresponder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no MDSCs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 16 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that there is noListeria-specific effect on splenic monocytic MDSCs. The No MDSC groupshows the lack of division of the responder T cells when they are leftunstimulated and the last group shows the division of stimulated cellswith no MDSCs added to suppress division. Left-hand panels showindividual cell division cycles for each group. Right-hand panels showpooled division cycles.

FIG. 17 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that granulocyticMDSCs from 4T1 tumors have decreased suppressive ability after Listeriavaccination. This change in the suppressive ability of the MDSCs is notantigen specific as the same decrease in suppression is seen withHer2/neu-antigen specific T cells and also with non-specificallystimulated T cells. The No MDSC group shows the lack of division of theresponder T cells when they are left unstimulated and the last groupshows the division of stimulated cells with no MDSCs added to suppressdivision. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 18 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that there is noListeria-specific effect on splenic granulocytic MDSCs. The No MDSCgroup shows the lack of division of the responder T cells when they areleft unstimulated and the last group shows the division of stimulatedcells with no MDSCs added to suppress division. Left-hand panels showindividual cell division cycles for each group. Right-hand panels showpooled division cycles.

FIG. 19 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that decrease in thesuppressive ability of Tregs from 4T1 tumors after Listeria vaccination.This decrease is not antigen specific, as the change in Treg suppressiveability is seen with both Her2/neu-specific and non-specific responder Tcells. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 20 shows suppressor assay data demonstrating that there is noListeria-specific effect on splenic Tregs. The responder T cells are allcapable of dividing, regardless of the whether or not they are antigenspecific. Left-hand panels show individual cell division cycles for eachgroup. Right-hand panels show pooled division cycles.

FIG. 21 shows IFN-γ production is reduced in S. mansoni infected mice.

FIG. 22 shows IL-4 levels are increased in mice with chronicschistosomiasis.

FIG. 23 shows IL-10 production is increased in mice infected with S.mansoni.

FIG. 24 shows Schistosome infection does not alter the antigen-specificvaccine responses toward immunodominant CTL and helper epitopes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A novel and heretofore unexplored use is to create a live attenuatedListeria vaccine strain devoid of exogenous antigen

A novel and heretofore unexplored use is to create a live attenuatedListeria vaccine strain devoid of antigen that enables the Listeria tosecrete only the non-hemolytic form of LLO (Lm-LLO) or a truncated ActA(Lm-ActA) as an adjuvant. The invention provided herein addresses thefirst live adjuvant.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of reconstituting animmune response in a subject, the method comprising the step ofadministering a live attenuated Listeria vaccine strain to the subject.In another embodiment the Listeria strain comprises a nucleic acidmolecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a first openreading frame encoding a PEST-containing polypeptide.

In one embodiment, the Listeria over expresses said PEST-containingpolypeptide. In another embodiment, the PEST-containing polypeptide is anon-hemolytic LLO protein or immunogenic fragment thereof, an ActAprotein or truncated fragment thereof, or a PEST amino acid sequence.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of facilitating recoveryof immune responses after cytotoxic treatments in a subject, the methodcomprising administering a live attenuated Listeria vaccine strain tothe subject. In another embodiment, the Listeria strain comprises anucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises afirst open reading frame encoding a PEST-containing polypeptide.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of improving theimmunogenicity of a vaccine, the method comprising the step ofco-administering the vaccine and a Listeria-based adjuvant to a subject,wherein the Listeria-based adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of thevaccine, thereby improving the immunogenicity of the vaccine.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of enhancing an immuneresponse against a disease in an antigen-independent manner in asubject, the method comprising administering a Listeria-based adjuvantto the subject.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a composition and method forbioengineering a live Lm bacterium that infects specific cells,including; antigen processing cells (APC), Kupffer cells, vascularendothelium, bone marrow, and others; as well as structures such assolid tumors and spleen. In another embodiment, the live Lm adjuvantthen synthesizes and secretes a modified LLO fragment in situ where theadjuvant is needed and used to stimulate immune responses. In anotherembodiment the live Lm synthesizes ActA. In another embodiment, unlikeprevious adjuvants, the instant invention administers the ability tomake an adjuvant in situ and does not involve the systemicadministration of an immune adjuvant.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of eliciting anadult-level enhanced immune response in neonate subjects, the methodcomprising the step of administering a recombinant Listeria vaccinestrain to the subject. In another embodiment, the Listeria straincomprising a nucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid moleculecomprises a first open reading frame encoding a non-hemolyticlisteriolysin O (LLO) or ActA, wherein the nucleic acid molecule furthercomprises a second open reading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme,wherein the metabolic enzyme complements an endogenous gene that islacking in the chromosome of the recombinant Listeria strain.

In one embodiment, provided herein a method of facilitating recovery ofimmune responses after cytotoxic treatments in a subject, the methodcomprising administering a recombinant Listeria vaccine strain to thesubject. In another embodiment, the Listeria strain comprising a nucleicacid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a first openreading frame encoding a non-hemolytic listeriolysin O or ActA, whereinthe nucleic acid molecule further comprises a second open reading frameencoding a metabolic enzyme, wherein the metabolic enzyme complements anendogenous gene that is lacking in the chromosome of said recombinantListeria strain. In another embodiment, the subject is an adult humansubject.

The ability of an adjuvant to increase the immune response to an antigenis typically manifested by a significant increase in immune-mediatedprotection. For example, an increase in humoral immunity is typicallymanifested by a significant increase in the titer of antibodies raisedto the antigen, and an increase in T-cell activity is typicallymanifested in increased cell proliferation, increased cytokineproduction and/or antigen specific cytolytic activity. An adjuvant mayalso alter an immune response, for example, by enabling a Th1 responseagainst a background of a persistent Th2 phenotype.

In one embodiment, this invention provides methods and compositions forpreventing disease, treating disease and vaccinating a human subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to enhancingimmune response of a human, a neonate, or a human that has beensubjected to cytotoxic treatment as a result of cancer.

In one embodiment, a Listeria-based adjuvant refers to a live-attenuatedListeria vaccine strain. In another embodiment, the Listeria-basedadjuvant is an Lm-LLO or an Lm-ActA. In another embodiment, Lm-LLOexpresses a non-hemolytic LLO. In another embodiment, Lm-ActA expressesa truncated ActA protein. In another embodiment, Lm-LLO or Lm-ActA canbe used alone, or in combination with any therapy in which an adjuvantis appropriate, and may have utility in settings where no adjuvant hasbeen commonly used, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

In another embodiment, the Listeria strain provided herein furthercomprises a third open reading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme.

In one embodiment, the metabolic enzyme is an amino acid metabolismenzyme. In another embodiment, the metabolic enzyme encoded by thesecond open reading frame is an alanine racemase enzyme or a D-aminoacid transferase enzyme. In another embodiment, the metabolic enzymeencoded by the third open reading frame is an alanine racemase enzyme ora D-amino acid transferase enzyme. In another embodiment, the metabolicenzyme is encoded dal gene, where in another embodiment the dal gene isfrom B. subtilis. In another embodiment, the metabolic enzyme is encodedby the dat gene.

In another embodiment, the recombinant Listeria is an attenuatedauxotrophic strain.

In one embodiment the attenuated strain is Lmdd. In another embodimentthe attenuated strain is Lmdda. In another embodiment, the attenuatedstrain is LmΔPrfA. In another embodiment, the attenuated strain isLmΔPlcB. In another embodiment, the attenuated strain is LmΔPlcA. Inanother embodiment, the attenuated strain is LmddAΔinlC. In anotherembodiment, the LmddAΔinlC mutant strain is created using EGD strain ofLm, which is different from the background strain 10403S, the parentstrain for Lm dal dat actA (LmddA). In another embodiment, this strainexerts a strong adjuvant effect which is an inherent property ofListeria-based vaccines. In another embodiment, this strain isconstructed from the EGD Listeria backbone.

In another embodiment, the strain used in the invention is a Listeriastrain that expresses a non-hemolytic LLO. In yet another embodiment theListeria strain is a prfA mutant, ActA mutant, a plcB deletion mutant,or a double mutant lacking both plcA and plcB. All these Listeria strainare contemplated for use in the methods provided herein. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the LmddAΔinlC mutant strain is safe for use inhumans and induces high levels of innate immune responses. In oneembodiment, the inlC deletion mutant generates an enhanced level ofinnate immune responses that are not antigen specific.

In one embodiment, translocation of Listeria to adjacent cells isinhibited by two separate mechanisms, deletion of actA and inlC genes,both of which are involved in the process, thereby resulting inunexpectedly high levels of attenuation with increased immunogenicityand utility as a vaccine backbone. In another embodiment, translocationof Listeria to adjacent cells is inhibited by two separate mechanisms,deletion of actA or inlC genes, both of which are involved in theprocess, thereby resulting in unexpectedly high levels of attenuationwith increased immunogenicity and utility as a vaccine backbone.

Internalins are associated with increased virulence and their presenceis associated with increased immunogenicity of Listeria, however, in thepresent invention, excising the inlC gene increases immunogenicity ofthe Listeria vaccine vector provided herein. In another embodiment, thepresent invention provides the novelty that the inlC genes are excisedfrom a vector in which actA is deleted, thereby removing both, theability to form actin flagella necessary for movement through the hostcell membrane and into the neighboring cell, and the ability fortransmembrane passage. Therefore, the combination of these two deletionsyields the surprising result of decreased virulence and increasedimmunogenicity of a Listeria vaccine vector over a wild-type Listeriastrain or a single mutant strain.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule provided herein isintegrated into the Listeria genome. In another embodiment, the nucleicacid molecule is in a plasmid in the recombinant Listeria vaccine strainalso provided herein. In another embodiment, the plasmid provided hereinis stably maintained in the recombinant Listeria vaccine strain in theabsence of antibiotic selection. In another embodiment, the plasmid doesnot confer antibiotic resistance upon said recombinant Listeria.

In one embodiment, the recombinant Listeria strain provided herein isattenuated. In another embodiment, the recombinant Listeria lacks theActA virulence gene. In another embodiment, the recombinant Listerialacks the PrfA virulence gene.

In another embodiment, the recombinant Listeria vaccine strain comprisesan adjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is listeriolysin O. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant Listeria vaccine strain comprises anadjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is ActA.

In one embodiment, the Listeria vaccine strain is LmddAinlC142 strain.LmddAinlC142 is based on a Listeria vaccine vector which is attenuateddue to the deletion of inlC gene and retains the plasmid for PSAexpression in vivo and in vitro by complementation of dal gene. Inanother embodiment, LmddAinlC142 exerts strong and antigen specificanti-tumor responses with ability to break tolerance toward aheterologous antigen in a subject. In another embodiment, theLmddAinlC142 strain is highly attenuated and has a better safety profilethan previous Listeria vaccine generation, as it is more rapidly clearedfrom the spleens of the immunized mice. In another embodiment,LmddAinlC142 strain is highly immunogenic, able to break tolerancetoward a heterologous antigen and prevents tumor formation in a subject.

In another embodiment, the methods provided herein further providemethods of overcoming or “breaking” tolerance toward a heterologousantigen that is a self-antigen. Such antigens may be aberrantlyexpressed by various tumors which are subject to treatment orprophylaxis under the scope of the present invention by using themethods and compositions provided herein.

In one embodiment, recombinant attenuated, antibiotic-free Listeriasexpressing listeriolysin O in combination with other therapeuticmodalities are useful for enhancing an immune response, and forpreventing, and treating a cancer or solid tumors. In anotherembodiment, recombinant attenuated, antibiotic-free Listerias expressinglisteriolysin O alone, or in combination with other therapeutics areuseful for preventing, and treating infectious diseases in a subject. Inanother embodiment, the subject is a neonate, a child, or an adult.

In one embodiment, recombinant attenuated, antibiotic-free Listeriasexpressing ActA in combination with other therapeutic modalities areuseful for enhancing an immune response, and for preventing, andtreating a cancer or solid tumors. In another embodiment, recombinantattenuated, antibiotic-free Listerias expressing ActA alone, or incombination with other therapeutics are useful for preventing, andtreating infectious diseases in a subject. In another embodiment, thesubject is a neonate, a child, or an adult.

In one embodiment, the immune response induced by the methods andcompositions provided herein is a therapeutic one. In another embodimentit is a prophylactic immune response. In another embodiment, it is anenhanced immune response over methods available in the art for inducingan immune response in a subject afflicted with the conditions providedherein. In another embodiment, the immune response leads to clearance ofthe disease provided herein that is afflicting the subject.

It is to be understood that the methods of the present invention may beused to treat any infectious disease, which in one embodiment, isbacterial, viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combinationthereof, infection. In another embodiment, the methods of the presentinvention are for inhibiting or suppressing a bacterial, viral,microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof, infectionin a subject. In another embodiment, the present invention provides amethod of eliciting a cytotoxic T-cell response against a bacterial,viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof,infection in a subject. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides a method of inducing a Th1 immune response against a bacterial,viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof,infection in a Th1 unresponsive subject. In one embodiment, theinfection is viral, which in one embodiment, is HIV. In one embodiment,the infection is bacterial, which in one embodiment, is mycobacteria,which in one embodiment, is tuberculosis. In one embodiment, theinfection is eukaryotic, which in one embodiment, is plasmodium, whichin one embodiment, is malaria.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of inducing a Th1 immuneresponse in a Th1 unresponsive subject having a concomitant helminthinfection, where in another embodiment, the method comprises using aListeria vaccine vector.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of improving theimmunogenicity of a vaccine, the method comprising co-administering thevaccine and a Listeria-based adjuvant to a subject, wherein theListeria-based adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of the vaccine,thereby improving the immunogenicity of the vaccine. In one embodiment,the method enables the treatment of a disease for which said vaccine isspecific against.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of enhancing an immuneresponse against a disease in an antigen-independent manner, the methodcomprising administering a Listeria-based adjuvant to a subject.

In another embodiment, the Listeria-based adjuvant is an LLO-expressingListeria strain or an LLO protein or a non-hemolytic fragment thereof.In another embodiment, the Listeria-based adjuvant is an ActA-expressingListeria strain or an ActA protein or a truncated fragment thereof. Inanother embodiment, Listeria-based adjuvant is used alone or is combinedwith an additional adjuvant. In another embodiment, the additionaladjuvant is a non-nucleic acid adjuvant including aluminum adjuvant,Freund's adjuvant, MPL, emulsion, GM-CSF, QS21, SBAS2, CpG-containingoligonucleotide, a nucleotide molecule encoding an immune-stimulatingcytokine, the adjuvant is or comprises a bacterial mitogen, or abacterial toxin. In another embodiment, the LLO protein or hemolyticfragment thereof is admixed with or chemically coupled to said vaccine.

In one embodiment, the vaccine is selected from the group consisting ofhepatitis B virus blood-derived vaccine, hepatitis B virus geneticengineering protein vaccines, HBV virus vector vaccine, hepatitis Bvirus bacterium vector vaccine, hepatitis B virus transgenic plantvaccine, rabies virus blood-derived vaccine, rabies virus geneticengineering protein vaccines, rabies virus vector vaccine, rabies virusbacterium vector vaccine, and rabies virus transgenic plant vaccine, andthe DNA vaccine is selected from the group consisting of hepatitis Bvirus DNA vaccine and rabies DNA vaccine.

In another embodiment, the Listeria-based adjuvant is used alone or iscombined with an additional adjuvant.

In another embodiment, the adjuvant of the present invention isco-administered with an additional adjuvant. In another embodiment, theadditional adjuvant utilized in methods and compositions of the presentinvention is, in another embodiment, a granulocyte/macrophagecolony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) protein. In another embodiment, theadjuvant comprises a GM-CSF protein. In another embodiment, the adjuvantis a nucleotide molecule encoding GM-CSF. In another embodiment, theadjuvant comprises a nucleotide molecule encoding GM-CSF. In anotherembodiment, the adjuvant is saponin QS21. In another embodiment, theadjuvant comprises saponin QS21. In another embodiment, the adjuvant ismonophosphoryl lipid A. In another embodiment, the adjuvant comprisesmonophosphoryl lipid A. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is SBAS2. Inanother embodiment, the adjuvant comprises SBAS2. In another embodiment,the adjuvant is an unmethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotide. Inanother embodiment, the adjuvant comprises an unmethylatedCpG-containing oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, the adjuvant isan immune-stimulating cytokine. In another embodiment, the adjuvantcomprises an immune-stimulating cytokine. In another embodiment, theadjuvant is a nucleotide molecule encoding an immune-stimulatingcytokine. In another embodiment, the adjuvant comprises a nucleotidemolecule encoding an immune-stimulating cytokine. In another embodiment,the adjuvant is or comprises a quill glycoside. In another embodiment,the adjuvant is or comprises a bacterial mitogen. In another embodiment,the adjuvant is or comprises a bacterial toxin. In another embodiment,the adjuvant is or comprises any other adjuvant known in the art. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule thatencodes the adjuvant of the present invention. In another embodiment,the nucleic acid molecule is used to transform the Listeria in order toarrive at a recombinant Listeria. In another embodiment, the nucleicacid provided herein used to transform Listeria lacks a virulence gene.In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule integrated into theListeria genome carries a non-functional virulence gene. In anotherembodiment, the virulence gene is mutated in the recombinant Listeria.In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is used toinactivate the endogenous gene present in the Listeria genome. In yetanother embodiment, the virulence gene is an ActA gene, an inlC gene ora PrfA gene. As will be understood by a skilled artisan, the virulencegene can be any gene known in the art to be associated with virulence inthe recombinant Listeria.

In one embodiment, the metabolic gene, the virulence gene, etc. islacking in a chromosome of the Listeria strain. In another embodiment,the metabolic gene, virulence gene, etc. is lacking in the chromosomeand in any episomal genetic element of the Listeria strain. In anotherembodiment, the metabolic gene, virulence gene, etc. is lacking in thegenome of the virulence strain. In one embodiment, the virulence gene ismutated in the chromosome. In another embodiment, the virulence gene isdeleted from the chromosome. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acids and plasmids provided herein donot confer antibiotic resistance upon the recombinant Listeria.

“Nucleic acid molecule” refers, in another embodiment, to a plasmid. Inanother embodiment, the term refers to an integration vector. In anotherembodiment, the term refers to a plasmid comprising an integrationvector. In another embodiment, the integration vector is a site-specificintegration vector. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule ofmethods and compositions of the present invention are composed of anytype of nucleotide known in the art. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

“Metabolic enzyme” refers, in another embodiment, to an enzyme involvedin synthesis of a nutrient required by the host bacteria. In anotherembodiment, the term refers to an enzyme required for synthesis of anutrient required by the host bacteria. In another embodiment, the termrefers to an enzyme involved in synthesis of a nutrient utilized by thehost bacteria. In another embodiment, the term refers to an enzymeinvolved in synthesis of a nutrient required for sustained growth of thehost bacteria. In another embodiment, the enzyme is required forsynthesis of the nutrient. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

“Stably maintained” refers, in another embodiment, to maintenance of anucleic acid molecule or plasmid in the absence of selection (e.g.antibiotic selection) for 10 generations, without detectable loss. Inanother embodiment, the period is 15 generations. In another embodiment,the period is 20 generations. In another embodiment, the period is 25generations. In another embodiment, the period is 30 generations. Inanother embodiment, the period is 40 generations. In another embodiment,the period is 50 generations. In another embodiment, the period is 60generations. In another embodiment, the period is 80 generations. Inanother embodiment, the period is 100 generations. In anotherembodiment, the period is 150 generations. In another embodiment, theperiod is 200 generations. In another embodiment, the period is 300generations. In another embodiment, the period is 500 generations. Inanother embodiment, the period is more than generations. In anotherembodiment, the nucleic acid molecule or plasmid is maintained stably invitro (e.g. in culture). In another embodiment, the nucleic acidmolecule or plasmid is maintained stably in vivo. In another embodiment,the nucleic acid molecule or plasmid is maintained stably both in vitroand in vitro. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, the metabolic enzyme of the methods andcompositions provided herein is an amino acid metabolism enzyme, where,in another embodiment, the metabolic enzyme is an alanine racemaseenzyme. In another embodiment, the metabolic enzyme is a D-amino acidtransferase enzyme. In another embodiment, the metabolic enzymecatalyzes a formation of an amino acid used for a cell wall synthesis inthe recombinant Listeria strain, where in another embodiment themetabolic enzyme is an alanine racemase enzyme.

In another embodiment, the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme isexpressed under the control of the Listeria p60 promoter. In anotherembodiment, the inlA (encodes internalin) promoter is used. In anotherembodiment, the hly promoter is used. In another embodiment, the ActApromoter is used. In another embodiment, the integrase gene is expressedunder the control of any other gram positive promoter. In anotherembodiment, the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme is expressed underthe control of any other promoter that functions in Listeria. Theskilled artisan will appreciate that other promoters or polycistronicexpression cassettes may be used to drive the expression of the gene.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

The LLO utilized in the methods and compositions provided herein is, inone embodiment, a Listeria LLO. In one embodiment, the Listeria fromwhich the LLO is derived is Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). In anotherembodiment, the Listeria is Listeria ivanovii. In another embodiment,the Listeria is Listeria welshimeri. In another embodiment, the Listeriais Listeria seeligeri.

In one embodiment, the LLO protein is encoded by the following nucleicacid sequence set forth in (SEQ ID NO: 1).

(SEQ ID NO: 1)atgaaaaaaataatgctagtttttattacacttatattagttagtctaccaattgcgcaacaaactgaagcaaaggatgcatctgcattcaataaagaaaattcaatttcatccatggcaccaccagcatctccgcctgcaagtcctaagacgccaatcgaaaagaaacacgcggatgaaatcgataagtatatacaaggattggattacaataaaaacaatgtattagtataccacggagatgcagtgacaaatgtgccgccaagaaaaggttacaaagatggaaatgaatatattgttgtggagaaaaagaagaaatccatcaatcaaaataatgcagacattcaagttgtgaatgcaatttcgagcctaacctatccaggtgctctcgtaaaagcgaattcggaattagtagaaaatcaaccagatgttctccctgtaaaacgtgattcattaacactcagcattgatttgccaggtatgactaatcaagacaataaaatagttgtaaaaaatgccactaaatcaaacgttaacaacgcagtaaatacattagtggaaagatggaatgaaaaatatgctcaagcttatccaaatgtaagtgcaaaaattgattatgatgacgaaatggcttacagtgaatcacaattaattgcgaaatttggtacagcatttaaagctgtaaataatagcttgaatgtaaacttcggcgcaatcagtgaagggaaaatgcaagaagaagtcattagttttaaacaaatttactataacgtgaatgttaatgaacctacaagaccttccagatttttcggcaaagctgttactaaagagcagttgcaagcgcttggagtgaatgcagaaaatcctcctgcatatatctcaagtgtggcgtatggccgtcaagtttatttgaaattatcaactaattcccatagtactaaagtaaaagctgcttttgatgctgccgtaagcggaaaatctgtctcaggtgatgtagaactaacaaatatcatcaaaaattcttccttcaaagccgtaatttacggaggttccgcaaaagatgaagttcaaatcatcgacggcaacctcggagacttacgcgatattttgaaaaaaggcgctacttttaatcgagaaacaccaggagttcccattgcttatacaacaaacttcctaaaagacaatgaattagctgttattaaaaacaactcagaatatattgaaacaacttcaaaagcttatacagatggaaaaattaacatcgatcactctggaggatacgttgctcaattcaacatttcttgggatgaagtaaattatgatctcgag.

In another embodiment, the LLO protein has the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2

(SEQ ID NO: 2)M K K I M L V F I T L I L V S L P I A Q Q T E A K D A S A F N K EN S I S S M A P P A S P P A S P K T P I E K K H A D E I D K Y I Q GL D Y N K N N V L V Y H G D A V T N V P P R K G Y K D G N E Y IV V E K K K K S I N Q N N A D I Q V V N A I S S L T Y P G A L V KA N S E L V E N Q P D V L P V K R D S L T L S I D L P G M T N Q DN K I V V K N A T K S N V N N A V N T L V E R W N E K Y A Q A YP N V S A K I D Y D D E M A Y S E S Q L I A K F G T A F K A V N NS L N V N F G A I S E G K M Q E E V I S F K Q I Y Y N V N V N E PT R P S R F F G K A V T K E Q L Q A L G V N A E N P P A Y I S S VA Y G R Q V Y L K L S T N S H S T K V K A A F D A A V S G K S VS G D V E L T N I I K N S S F K A V I Y G G S A K D E V Q I I D GN L G D L R D I L K K G A T F N R E T P G V P I A Y T T N F L K DN E L A V I K N N S E Y I E T T S K A Y T D G K I N I D H S G G YV A Q F N I S W D E V N Y D LThe first 25 amino acids of the proprotein corresponding to thissequence are the signal sequence and are cleaved from LLO when it issecreted by the bacterium. Thus, in this embodiment, the full lengthactive LLO protein is 504 residues long. In another embodiment, the LLOprotein has a sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. DQ054588,DQ054589, AY878649, U25452, or U25452. In another embodiment, the LLOprotein is a variant of an LLO protein. In another embodiment, the LLOprotein is a homologue of an LLO protein. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, “truncated LLO” or “tLLO” refers to a fragment ofLLO that comprises the PEST-like domain. In another embodiment, theterms refer to an LLO fragment that does not contain the activationdomain at the amino terminus and does not include cystine 484. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of a PEST sequence. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment comprises a PEST sequence. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about the first 400 to441 amino acids of the 529 amino acid full-length LLO protein. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment is a non-hemolytic form of the LLOprotein.

In one embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-25. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-50. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-75. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-100.In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues1-125. In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of aboutresidues 1-150. In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists ofabout residues 1175. In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists ofabout residues 1-200. In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consistsof about residues 1-225. In another embodiment, the LLO fragmentconsists of about residues 1-250. In another embodiment, the LLOfragment consists of about residues 1-275. In another embodiment, theLLO fragment consists of about residues 1-300. In another embodiment,the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-325. In anotherembodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-350. Inanother embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues 1-375.In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of about residues1-400. In another embodiment, the LLO fragment consists of aboutresidues 1-425. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein, is a vaccine comprising arecombinant form of Listeria of the present invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein, is a culture of a recombinantform of Listeria of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the live attenuated Listeria or recombinant Listeriaprovided herein expresses an ActA protein or a fragment thereof. Inanother embodiment of the methods and compositions of the presentinvention, a fragment of an ActA protein is fused to the heterologousantigen or a fragment thereof also provided herein. In anotherembodiment, the fragment of an ActA protein has the sequence:

MRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEKTEEQPSEVNTGPRYETAREVSSRDIKELEKSNKVRNTNKADLIAMLKEKAEKGPNINNNNSEQTENAAINEEASGADRPAIQVERRHPGLPSDSAAEIKKRRKAIASSDSELESLTYPDKPTKVNKKKVAKESVADASESDLDSSMQSADESSPQPLKANQQPFFPKVFKKIKDAGKWVRDKIDENPEVKKAIVDKSAGLIDQLLTKKKSEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELRLALPETPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTDEELRLALPETPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTEDELEIIRETASSLDSSFTRGDLASLRNAINRHSQNFSDFPPIPTEEELNGRGGRP (SEQ ID No: 3). In anotherembodiment, an ActA AA sequence of methods and compositions of thepresent invention comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 3. Inanother embodiment, the ActA AA sequence is a homologue of SEQ ID No: 3.In another embodiment, the ActA AA sequence is a variant of SEQ ID No:3. In another embodiment, the ActA AA sequence is a fragment of SEQ IDNo: 3. In another embodiment, the ActA AA sequence is an isoform of SEQID No: 3. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, the ActA fragment is encoded by a recombinantnucleotide comprising the sequence:ATGCGTGCGATGATGGTGGTTTTCATTACTGCCAATTGCATTACGATTAACCCCGACATAATATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCTAGTCTAAACACAGATGAATGGGAAGAAGAAAAAACAGAAGAGCAACCAAGCGAGGTAAATACGGGACCAAGATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACGTGATATTAAAGAACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAGAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACCTAATAGCAATGTTGAAAGAAAAAGCAGAAAAAGGTCCAAATATCAATAATAACAACAGTGAACAAACTGAGAATGCGGCTATAAATGAAGAGGCTTCAGGAGCCGACCGACCAGCTATACAAGTGGAGCGTCGTCATCCAGGATTGCCATCGGATAGCGCAGCGGAAATTAAAAAAAGAAGGAAAGCCATAGCATCATCGGATAGTGAGCTTGAAAGCCTTACTTATCCGGATAAACCAACAAAAGTAAATAAGAAAAAAGTGGCGAAAGAGTCAGTTGCGGATGCTTCTGAAAGTGACTTAGATTCTAGCATGCAGTCAGCAGATGAGTCTTCACCACAACCTTTAAAAGCAAACCAACAACCATTTTTCCCTAAAGTATTTAAAAAAATAAAAGATGCGGGGAAATGGGTACGTGATAAAATCGACGAAAATCCTGAAGTAAAGAAAGCGATTGTTGATAAAAGTGCAGGGTTAATTGACCAATTATTAACCAAAAAGAAAAGTGAAGAGGTAAATGCTTCGGACTTCCCGCCACCACCTACGGATGAAGAGTTAAGACTTGCTTTGCCAGAGACACCAATGCTTCTTGGTTTTAATGCTCCTGCTACATCAGAACCGAGCTCATTCGAATTTCCACCACCACCTACGGATGAAGAGTTAAGACTTGCTTTGCCAGAGACGCCAATGCTTCTTGGTTTTAATGCTCCTGCTACATCGGAACCGAGCTCGTTCGAATTTCCACCGCCTCCAACAGAAGATGAACTAGAAATCATCCGGGAAACAGCATCCTCGCTAGATTCTAGTTTTACAAGAGGGGATTTAGCTAGTTTGAGAAATGCTATTAATCGCCATAGTCAAAATTTCTCTGATTTCCCACCAATCCCAACAGAAGAAGAG TTGAACGGGAGAGGCGGTAGACCA (SEQ ID NO: 4). In another embodiment, therecombinant nucleotide has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Inanother embodiment, an ActA-encoding nucleotide of methods andcompositions of the present invention comprises the sequence set forthin SEQ ID No: 4. In another embodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide isa homologue of SEQ ID No: 4. In another embodiment, the ActA-encodingnucleotide is a variant of SEQ ID No: 4. In another embodiment, theActA-encoding nucleotide is a fragment of SEQ ID No: 4. In anotherembodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is an isoform of SEQ ID No: 4.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the ActA fragment is encoded by a recombinantnucleotide comprising the sequence:

Tttatcacgtacccatttccccgcatcttttatttttttaaatactttagggaaaaatggtttttgatttgcttttaaaggttgtggtgtagactcgtctgctgactgcatgctagaatctaagtcactttcagaagcatccacaactgactctttcgccacttttctcttatttgcttttgttggtttatctggataagtaaggctttcaagctcactatccgacgacgctatggcttttcttctttttttaatttccgctgcgctatccgatgacagacctggatgacgacgctccacttgcagagttggtcggtcgactcctgaagcctcttcatttatagccacatttcctgtttgctcaccgttgttattattgttattcggacctttctctgcttttgctttcaacattgctattaggtctgctttgttcgtatttttcactttattcgatttttctagttcctcaatatcacgtgaacttacttcacgtgcagtttcgtatcttggtcccgtatttacctcgcttggctgctcttctgttttttcttcttcccattcatctgtgtttagactggaatcttcgctatctgtcgctgcaaatattatgtcggggttaatcgtaatgcagttggcagtaatgaaaactaccatcatcgcacgcat (SEQ ID NO: 5).In another embodiment, the recombinant nucleotide has the sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, an ActA-encodingnucleotide of methods and compositions of the present inventioncomprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 5. In another embodiment,the ActA-encoding nucleotide is a homologue of SEQ ID No: 5. In anotherembodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is a variant of SEQ ID No: 5.In another embodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is a fragment of SEQID No: 5. In another embodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is anisoform of SEQ ID No: 5. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment of methods and compositions of the presentinvention, a fragment of an ActA protein is fused to a heterologousantigen or fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the fragment of anActA protein has the sequence as set forth in Genbank Accession No.AAF04762. In another embodiment, an ActA AA sequence of methods andcompositions of the present invention comprises the sequence set forthin Genbank Accession No. AAF04762. In another embodiment, the ActA AAsequence is a homologue of Genbank Accession No. AAF04762. In anotherembodiment, the ActA AA sequence is a variant of Genbank Accession No.AAF04762. In another embodiment, the ActA AA sequence is a fragment ofGenbank Accession No. AAF04762. In another embodiment, the ActA AAsequence is an isoform of Genbank Accession No. AAF04762. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

An N-terminal fragment of an ActA protein utilized in methods andcompositions of the present invention has, in another embodiment, thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6:MRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEKTEEQPSEVNTGPRYETAREVSSRDIKELEKSNKVRNTNKADLIAMLKEKAEKGPNINNNNSEQTENAAINEEASGADRPAIQVERRHPGLPSDSAAEIKKRRKAIASSDSELESLTYPDKPTKVNKKKVAKESVADASESDLDSSMQSADESSPQPLKANQQPFFPKVFKKIKDAGKWVRDKIDENPEVKKAIVDKSAGLIDQLLTKKKSEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELRLALPETPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTDEELRLALPETPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTEDELEIIRETASSLDSSFTRGDLASLRNAINRHSQNFSDFPPIPTEEELNGRGGRP. In another embodiment, the ActAfragment comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In anotherembodiment, the ActA fragment is any other ActA fragment known in theart. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the recombinant nucleotide encoding a fragment ofan ActA protein comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7Atgcgtgcgatgatggtggttttcattactgccaattgcattacgattaaccccgacataatatttgcagcgacagatagcgaagattctagtctaaacacagatgaatgggaagaagaaaaaacagaagagcaaccaagcgaggtaaatacgggaccaagatacgaaactgcacgtgaagtaagttcacgtgatattaaagaactagaaaaatcgaataaagtgagaaatacgaacaaagcagacctaatagcaatgttgaaagaaaaagcagaaaaaggtccaaatatcaataataacaacagtgaacaaactgagaatgcggctataaatgaagaggcttcaggagccgaccgaccagctatacaagtggagcgtcgtcatccaggattgccatcggatagcgcagcggaaattaaaaaaagaaggaaagccatagcatcatcggatagtgagcttgaaagccttacttatccggataaaccaacaaaagtaaataagaaaaaagtggcgaaagagtcagttgcggatgatctgaaagtgacttagattctagcatgcagtcagcagatgagtatcaccacaacctttaaaagcaaaccaacaaccattatccctaaagtatttaaaaaaataaaagatgcggggaaatgggtacgtgataaaatcgacgaaaatcctgaagtaaagaaagcgattgttgataaaagtgcagggttaattgaccaattattaaccaaaaagaaaagtgaagaggtaaatgatcggacttcccgccaccacctacggatgaagagttaagacttgattgccagagacaccaatgatcttggttttaatgacctgctacatcagaaccgagctcattcgaatttccaccaccacctacggatgaagagttaagacttgattgccagagacgccaatgatcttggttttaatgacctgctacatcggaaccgagacgttcgaatttccaccgcctccaacagaagatgaactagaaatcatccgggaaacagcatcctcgctagattctagttttacaagaggggatttagctagtttgagaaatgctattaatcgccatagtcaaaatttactgatttcccaccaatcccaacagaagaagagttgaacgggagaggcggtagacca. In another embodiment, the recombinant nucleotide has thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, therecombinant nucleotide comprises any other sequence that encodes afragment of an ActA protein. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the ActA fragment is encoded by a recombinantnucleotide comprising the sequence as set forth in Genbank Accession No.AF103807. In another embodiment, the recombinant nucleotide has thesequence set forth in Genbank Accession No. AF103807. In anotherembodiment, an ActA-encoding nucleotide of methods and compositions ofthe present invention comprises the sequence set forth in GenbankAccession No. AF103807. In another embodiment, the ActA-encodingnucleotide is a homologue of Genbank Accession No. AF103807. In anotherembodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is a variant of GenbankAccession No. AF103807. In another embodiment, the ActA-encodingnucleotide is a fragment of Genbank Accession No. AF103807. In anotherembodiment, the ActA-encoding nucleotide is an isoform of GenbankAccession No. AF103807. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the ActA fragment is any other ActA fragmentknown in the art. In another embodiment, a recombinant nucleotide of thepresent invention comprises any other sequence that encodes a fragmentof an ActA protein. In another embodiment, the recombinant nucleotidecomprises any other sequence that encodes an entire ActA protein. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the live attenuated Listeria or recombinant Listeriaprovided herein expresses a PEST sequence peptide. In another embodimentof methods and compositions of the present invention, a PEST AA sequenceis fused to the heterologous antigen or fragment. In another embodiment,the PEST AA sequence is KENSISSMAPPASPPASPKTPIEKKHADEIDK (SEQ ID NO: 8).In another embodiment, the PEST sequence is KENSISSMAPPASPPASPK (SEQ IDNo: 9).

In another embodiment, the PEST AA sequence is a PEST sequence from aListeria ActA protein. In another embodiment, the PEST sequence isKTEEQPSEVNTGPR (SEQ ID NO: 10), KASVTDTSEGDLDSSMQSADESTPQPLK (SEQ ID NO:11), KNEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELR (SEQ ID NO: 12), orRGGIPTSEEFSSLNSGDFTDDENSETTEEEIDR (SEQ ID NO: 13). In anotherembodiment, the PEST-like sequence is a variant of the PEST sequencedescribed hereinabove, which in one embodiment, isKESVVDASESDLDSSMQSADESTPQPLK (SEQ ID NO: 14, KSEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELR (SEQID NO: 15), or RGGRPTSEEFSSLNSGDFTDDENSETTEEEIDR (SEQ ID NO: 16), aswould be understood by a skilled artisan. In another embodiment, thePEST-like sequence is from Listeria seeligeri cytolysin, encoded by thelso gene. In another embodiment, the PEST sequence isRSEVTISPAETPESPPATP (SEQ ID NO: 17). In another embodiment, the PESTsequence is from Streptolysin O protein of Streptococcus sp. In anotherembodiment, the PEST sequence is from Streptococcus pyogenesStreptolysin O, e.g. KQNTASTETTTTNEQPK (SEQ ID NO: 18) at AA 35-51. Inanother embodiment, the PEST-like sequence is from Streptococcusequisimilis Streptolysin O, e.g. KQNTANTETTTTNEQPK (SEQ ID NO: 19) at AA38-54. In another embodiment, the PEST-like sequence has a sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO: 8-16. In another embodiment, the PEST-likesequence has a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8-19. In anotherembodiment, the PEST sequence is another PEST AA sequence derived from aprokaryotic organism.

Identification of PEST sequences is well known in the art, and isdescribed, for example in Rogers S et al (Amino acid sequences common torapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis. Science 1986;234(4774):364-8) and Rechsteiner M et al (PEST sequences and regulationby proteolysis. Trends Biochem Sci 1996; 21(7):267-71). “PEST sequence”refers, in another embodiment, to a region rich in proline (P), glutamicacid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) residues. In another embodiment,the PEST sequence is flanked by one or more clusters containing severalpositively charged amino acids. In another embodiment, the PEST sequencemediates rapid intracellular degradation of proteins containing it. Inanother embodiment, the PEST sequence fits an algorithm disclosed inRogers et al. In another embodiment, the PEST sequence fits an algorithmdisclosed in Rechsteiner et al. In another embodiment, the PEST sequencecontains one or more internal phosphorylation sites, and phosphorylationat these sites precedes protein degradation.

In one embodiment, PEST sequences of prokaryotic organisms areidentified in accordance with methods such as described by, for exampleRechsteiner and Rogers (1996, Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:267-271) for Lmand in Rogers S et al (Science 1986; 234(4774):364-8). Alternatively,PEST AA sequences from other prokaryotic organisms can also beidentified based on this method. Other prokaryotic organisms whereinPEST AA sequences would be expected to include, but are not limited to,other Listeria species. In one embodiment, the PEST sequence fits analgorithm disclosed in Rogers et al. In another embodiment, the PESTsequence fits an algorithm disclosed in Rechsteiner et al. In anotherembodiment, the PEST sequence is identified using the PEST-find program.

In another embodiment, identification of PEST motifs is achieved by aninitial scan for positively charged AA R, H, and K within the specifiedprotein sequence. All AA between the positively charged flanks arecounted and only those motifs are considered further, which contain anumber of AA equal to or higher than the window-size parameter. Inanother embodiment, a PEST-like sequence must contain at least 1 P, 1 Dor E, and at least 1 S or T.

In another embodiment, the quality of a PEST motif is refined by meansof a scoring parameter based on the local enrichment of critical AA aswell as the motifs hydrophobicity. Enrichment of D, E, P, S and T isexpressed in mass percent (w/w) and corrected for 1 equivalent of D orE, 1 of P and 1 of S or T. In another embodiment, calculation ofhydrophobicity follows in principle the method of J. Kyte and R. F.Doolittle (Kyte, J and Dootlittle, R F. J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105 (1982).

In another embodiment, a potential PEST motif's hydrophobicity iscalculated as the sum over the products of mole percent andhydrophobicity index for each AA species. The desired PEST score isobtained as combination of local enrichment term and hydrophobicity termas expressed by the following equation:

PEST score=0.55*DEPST−0.5*hydrophobicity index.

In another embodiment, “PEST sequence”, “PEST-like sequence” or“PEST-like sequence peptide” refers to a peptide having a score of atleast +5, using the above algorithm. In another embodiment, the termrefers to a peptide having a score of at least 6. In another embodiment,the peptide has a score of at least 7. In another embodiment, the scoreis at least 8. In another embodiment, the score is at least 9. Inanother embodiment, the score is at least 10. In another embodiment, thescore is at least 11. In another embodiment, the score is at least 12.In another embodiment, the score is at least 13. In another embodiment,the score is at least 14. In another embodiment, the score is at least15. In another embodiment, the score is at least 16. In anotherembodiment, the score is at least 17. In another embodiment, the scoreis at least 18. In another embodiment, the score is at least 19. Inanother embodiment, the score is at least 20. In another embodiment, thescore is at least 21. In another embodiment, the score is at least 22.In another embodiment, the score is at least 22. In another embodiment,the score is at least 24. In another embodiment, the score is at least24. In another embodiment, the score is at least 25. In anotherembodiment, the score is at least 26. In another embodiment, the scoreis at least 27. In another embodiment, the score is at least 28. Inanother embodiment, the score is at least 29. In another embodiment, thescore is at least 30. In another embodiment, the score is at least 32.In another embodiment, the score is at least 35. In another embodiment,the score is at least 38. In another embodiment, the score is at least40. In another embodiment, the score is at least 45. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the PEST sequence is identified using any othermethod or algorithm known in the art, e.g the CaSPredictor(Garay-Malpartida H M, Occhiucci J M, Alves J, Belizario J E.Bioinformatics. 2005 June; 21 Suppl 1:1169-76). In another embodiment,the following method is used:

A PEST index is calculated for each stretch of appropriate length (e.g.a 30-35 AA stretch) by assigning a value of 1 to the AA Ser, Thr, Pro,Glu, Asp, Asn, or Gln. The coefficient value (CV) for each of the PESTresidue is 1 and for each of the other AA (non-PEST) is 0.

Each method for identifying a PEST-like sequence represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the PEST sequence is any other PEST sequenceknown in the art. Each PEST sequence and type thereof represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

“Fusion to a PEST sequence” refers, in another embodiment, to fusion toa protein fragment comprising a PEST sequence. In another embodiment,the term includes cases wherein the protein fragment comprisessurrounding sequence other than the PEST sequence. In anotherembodiment, the protein fragment consists of the PEST sequence. Thus, inanother embodiment, “fusion” refers to two peptides or protein fragmentseither linked together at their respective ends or embedded one withinthe other. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a vaccine comprising arecombinant form of Listeria of the present invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein, is a culture of a recombinantform of Listeria of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the Listeria of methods and compositions of thepresent invention is Listeria monocytogenes. In another embodiment, theListeria is Listeria ivanovii. In another embodiment, the Listeria isListeria welshimeri. In another embodiment, the Listeria is Listeriaseeligeri. Each type of Listeria represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In one embodiment, attenuated Listeria strains, such as Lm delta-actAmutant (Brundage et al, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA,90:11890-11894), L. monocytogenes delta-plc A (Camilli et al, 1991, J.Exp. Med., 173:751-754), or delta-ActA, delta INL-b (Brockstedt et 5 al,2004, PNAS, 101:13832-13837) are used in the present invention. Inanother embodiment, attenuated Listeria strains are constructed byintroducing one or more attenuating mutations, as will be understood byone of average skill in the art when equipped with the disclosureherein. Examples of such strains include, but are not limited toListeria strains auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids (Alexander et al,1993, Infection and Immunity 10 61:2245-2248) and mutant for theformation of lipoteichoic acids (Abachin et al, 2002, Mol. Microbiol.43:1-14) and those attenuated by a lack of a virulence gene (seeexamples herein).

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of methods andcompositions of the present invention is operably linked to apromoter/regulatory sequence. In another embodiment, the first openreading frame of methods and compositions of the present invention isoperably linked to a promoter/regulatory sequence. In anotherembodiment, the second open reading frame of methods and compositions ofthe present invention is operably linked to a promoter/regulatorysequence. In another embodiment, each of the open reading frames areoperably linked to a promoter/regulatory sequence. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The skilled artisan, when equipped with the present disclosure and themethods provided herein, will readily understand that differenttranscriptional promoters, terminators, carrier vectors or specific genesequences (e.g. those in commercially available cloning vectors) can beused successfully in methods and compositions of the present invention.As is contemplated in the present invention, these functionalities areprovided in, for example, the commercially available vectors known asthe pUC series. In another embodiment, non-essential DNA sequences (e.g.antibiotic resistance genes) are removed. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention. In another embodiment, acommercially available plasmid is used in the present invention. Suchplasmids are available from a variety of sources, for example,Invitrogen (La Jolla, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), Clontech(Palo Alto, Calif.), or can be constructed using methods well known inthe art.

Another embodiment is a plasmid such as pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, La Jolla,Calif.), which is a prokaryotic expression vector with a prokaryoticorigin of replication and promoter/regulatory elements to facilitateexpression in a prokaryotic organism. In another embodiment, extraneousnucleotide sequences are removed to decrease the size of the plasmid andincrease the size of the cassette that can be placed therein.

Such methods are well known in the art, and are described in, forexample, Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York) and Ausubei et al. (1997,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green & Wiley, New York).

Antibiotic resistance genes are used in the conventional selection andcloning processes commonly employed in molecular biology and vaccinepreparation. Antibiotic resistance genes contemplated in the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, gene products that conferresistance to ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, streptomycin,erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, cloramphenicol (CAT), neomycin,hygromycin, gentamicin and others well known in the art. Each generepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Methods for transforming bacteria are well known in the art, and includecalcium-chloride competent cell-based methods, electroporation methods,bacteriophage-mediated transduction, chemical, and physicaltransformation techniques (de Boer et al, 1989, Cell 56:641-649; Milleret al, 1995, FASEB J., 9:190-199; Sambrook et al. 1989, MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York;Ausubel et al., 1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley& Sons, New York; Gerhardt et al., eds., 1994, Methods for General andMolecular Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.; Miller, 1992, A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) In anotherembodiment, the Listeria vaccine strain of the present invention istransformed by electroporation. Each method represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, conjugation is used to introduce genetic materialand/or plasmids into bacteria. Methods for conjugation are well known inthe art, and are described, for example, in Nikodinovic J et al. (Asecond generation snp-derived Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttleexpression vector that is generally transferable by conjugation.Plasmid. 2006 November; 56(3):223-7) and Auchtung J M et al (Regulationof a Bacillus subtilis mobile genetic element by intercellular signalingand the global DNA damage response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 Aug.30; 102 (35):12554-9). Each method represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

“Transforming,” in one embodiment, is used identically with the term“transfecting,” and refers to engineering a bacterial cell to take up aplasmid or other heterologous DNA molecule. In another embodiment,“transforming” refers to engineering a bacterial cell to express a geneof a plasmid or other heterologous DNA molecule. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Plasmids and other expression vectors useful in the present inventionare described elsewhere herein, and can include such features as apromoter/regulatory sequence, an origin of replication for gram negativeand gram positive bacteria, an isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusionprotein and an isolated nucleic acid encoding an amino acid metabolismgene. Further, an isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein and anamino acid metabolism gene will have a promoter suitable for drivingexpression of such an isolated nucleic acid. Promoters useful fordriving expression in a bacterial system are well known in the art, andinclude bacteriophage lambda, the bla promoter of the beta-lactamasegene of pBR322, and the CAT promoter of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of pBR325. Further examples of prokaryotic promotersinclude the major right and left promoters of 5 bacteriophage lambda (PLand PR), the trp, recA, lacZ, lad, and gal promoters of E. coli, thealpha-amylase (Ulmanen et al, 1985. J. Bacteriol. 162:176-182) and theS28-specific promoters of B. subtilis (Gilman et al, 1984 Gene32:11-20), the promoters of the bacteriophages of Bacillus (Gryczan,1982, In: The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli, Academic Press, Inc.,New York), and Streptomyces promoters (Ward et al, 1986, Mol. Gen.Genet. 203:468-478). Additional prokaryotic promoters contemplated inthe present invention are reviewed in, for example, Glick (1987, J. Ind.Microbiol. 1:277-282); Cenatiempo, (1986, Biochimie, 68:505-516); andGottesman, (1984, Ann. Rev. Genet. 18:415-442). Further examples ofpromoter/regulatory elements contemplated in the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to the Listerial prfA promoter, theListerial hly promoter, the Listerial p60 promoter and the ListerialActA promoter (GenBank Acc. No. NC_(—)003210) or fragments thereof.

In one embodiment, DNA encoding the recombinant non-hemolytic LLO isproduced using DNA amplification methods, for example polymerase chainreaction (PCR). First, the segments of the native DNA on either side ofthe new terminus are amplified separately. The 5′ end of the oneamplified sequence encodes the peptide linker, while the 3′ end of theother amplified sequence also encodes the peptide linker. Since the 5′end of the first fragment is complementary to the 3′ end of the secondfragment, the two fragments (after partial purification, e.g. on LMPagarose) can be used as an overlapping template in a third PCR reaction.The amplified sequence will contain codons, the segment on the carboxyside of the opening site (now forming the amino sequence), the linker,and the sequence on the amino side of the opening site (now forming thecarboxyl sequence). The antigen is ligated into a plasmid. Each methodrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention further comprises a phagebased chromosomal integration system for clinical applications. A hoststrain that is auxotrophic for essential enzymes, including, but notlimited to, d-alanine racemase will be used, for example Lmdal(−)dat(−).In another embodiment, in order to avoid a “phage curing step,” a phageintegration system based on PSA is used (Lauer, et al., 2002 JBacteriol, 184:4177-4186). This requires, in another embodiment,continuous selection by antibiotics to maintain the integrated gene.Thus, in another embodiment, the current invention enables theestablishment of a phage based chromosomal integration system that doesnot require selection with antibiotics. Instead, an auxotrophic hoststrain will be complemented.

The recombinant proteins of the present invention are synthesized, inanother embodiment, using recombinant DNA methodology. This involves, inone embodiment, creating a DNA sequence, placing the DNA in anexpression cassette, such as the plasmid of the present invention, underthe control of a particular promoter/regulatory element, and expressingthe protein. DNA encoding the protein (e.g. non-hemolytic LLO) of thepresent invention is prepared, in another embodiment, by any suitablemethod, including, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriatesequences or direct chemical synthesis by methods such as thephosphotriester method of Narang et al. (1979, Meth. Enzymol. 68:90-99); the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979, Meth. Enzymol68: 109-151); the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al.(1981, Tetra. Lett., 22: 15 1859-1862); and the solid support method ofU.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066.

In another embodiment, chemical synthesis is used to produce a singlestranded oligonucleotide. This single stranded oligonucleotide isconverted, in various embodiments, into double stranded DNA byhybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with aDNA polymerase using the single strand as a template. One of skill inthe art would recognize that while chemical synthesis of DNA is limitedto sequences of about 100 bases, longer sequences can be obtained by theligation of shorter sequences. In another embodiment, subsequences arecloned and the appropriate subsequences cleaved using appropriaterestriction enzymes. The fragments are then be ligated to produce thedesired DNA sequence.

In another embodiment, DNA encoding the recombinant protein of thepresent invention is cloned using DNA amplification methods such aspolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, the gene for non-hemolytic LLO isPCR amplified, using a sense primer comprising a suitable restrictionsite and an antisense primer comprising another restriction site, e.g. anon-identical restriction site to facilitate cloning.

In another embodiment, the recombinant fusion protein gene is operablylinked to appropriate expression control sequences for each host.Promoter/regulatory sequences are described in detail elsewhere herein.In another embodiment, the plasmid further comprises additional promoterregulatory elements, as well as a ribosome binding site and atranscription termination signal. For eukaryotic cells, the controlsequences will include a promoter and an enhancer derived from e gimmunoglobulin genes, SV40, cytomegalovirus, etc., and a polyadenylationsequence. In another embodiment, the sequences include splice donor andacceptor sequences.

In one embodiment, the term “operably linked” refers to a juxtapositionwherein the components so described are in a relationship permittingthem to function in their intended manner. A control sequence “operablylinked” to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression ofthe coding sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with thecontrol sequences.

In another embodiment, in order to select for an auxotrophic bacteriacomprising the plasmid, transformed auxotrophic bacteria are grown on amedia that will select for expression of the amino acid metabolism gene.In another embodiment, a bacteria auxotrophic for D-glutamic acidsynthesis is transformed with a plasmid comprising a gene for D-glutamicacid synthesis, and the auxotrophic bacteria will grow in the absence ofD-glutamic acid, whereas auxotrophic bacteria that have not beentransformed with the plasmid, or are not expressing the plasmid encodinga protein for D-glutamic acid synthesis, will not grow. In anotherembodiment, a bacterium auxotrophic for D-alanine synthesis will grow inthe absence of D-alanine when transformed and expressing the plasmid ofthe present invention if the plasmid comprises an isolated nucleic acidencoding an amino acid metabolism enzyme for D-alanine synthesis. Suchmethods for making appropriate media comprising or lacking necessarygrowth factors, supplements, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, and thelike are well known in the art, and are available commercially(Becton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). Each method represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, once the auxotrophic bacteria comprising theplasmid of the present invention have been selected on appropriatemedia, the bacteria are propagated in the presence of a selectivepressure. Such propagation comprises growing the bacteria in mediawithout the auxotrophic factor. The presence of the plasmid expressingan amino acid metabolism enzyme in the auxotrophic bacteria ensures thatthe plasmid will replicate along with the bacteria, thus continuallyselecting for bacteria harboring the plasmid. The skilled artisan, whenequipped with the present disclosure and methods herein will be readilyable to scale-up the production of the Listeria vaccine vector byadjusting the volume of the media in which the auxotrophic bacteriacomprising the plasmid are growing.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in another embodiment, otherauxotroph strains and complementation systems are adopted for the usewith this invention.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of administering thecomposition of the present invention. In another embodiment, providedherein is a method of administering the vaccine of the presentinvention. In another embodiment, provided herein is a method ofadministering the recombinant polypeptide or recombinant nucleotide ofthe present invention. In another embodiment, the step of administeringthe composition, vaccine, recombinant polypeptide or recombinantnucleotide of the present invention is performed with an attenuatedrecombinant form of Listeria comprising the composition, vaccine,recombinant nucleotide or expressing the recombinant polypeptide, eachin its own discrete embodiment. In another embodiment, the administeringis performed with a different attenuated bacterial vector. In anotherembodiment, the administering is performed with a DNA vaccine (e.g. anaked DNA vaccine). In another embodiment, administration of arecombinant polypeptide of the present invention is performed byproducing the recombinant protein, then administering the recombinantprotein to a subject. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In one embodiment, the vaccine for use in the methods of the presentinvention comprises a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes, in any form orembodiment as described herein. In one embodiment, the vaccine for usein the present invention consists of a recombinant Listeriamonocytogenes of the present invention, in any form or embodiment asdescribed herein. In another embodiment, the vaccine for use in themethods of the present invention consists essentially of a recombinantListeria monocytogenes of the present invention, in any form orembodiment as described herein. In one embodiment, the term “comprise”refers to the inclusion of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes in thevaccine, as well as inclusion of other vaccines or treatments that maybe known in the art. In another embodiment, the term “consistingessentially of” refers to a vaccine, whose functional component is therecombinant Listeria monocytogenes, however, other components of thevaccine may be included that are not involved directly in thetherapeutic effect of the vaccine and may, for example, refer tocomponents which facilitate the effect of the recombinant Listeriamonocytogenes (e.g. stabilizing, preserving, etc.). In anotherembodiment, the term “consisting” refers to a vaccine, which containsthe recombinant Listeria monocytogenes.

In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise thestep of administering a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes, in any formor embodiment as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of thepresent invention consist of the step of administering a recombinantListeria monocytogenes of the present invention, in any form orembodiment as described herein. In another embodiment, the methods ofthe present invention consist essentially of the step of administering arecombinant Listeria monocytogenes of the present invention, in any formor embodiment as described herein. In one embodiment, the term“comprise” refers to the inclusion of the step of administering arecombinant Listeria monocytogenes in the methods, as well as inclusionof other methods or treatments that may be known in the art. In anotherembodiment, the term “consisting essentially of” refers to a method,whose functional component is the administration of recombinant Listeriamonocytogenes, however, other steps of the methods may be included thatare not involved directly in the therapeutic effect of the methods andmay, for example, refer to steps which facilitate the effect of theadministration of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes. In one embodiment,the term “consisting” refers to a method of administering recombinantListeria monocytogenes with no additional steps.

In another embodiment, the immune response elicited by methods andcompositions of the present invention comprises a CD8⁺ T cell-mediatedresponse. In another embodiment, the immune response consists primarilyof a CD8⁺ T cell-mediated response. In another embodiment, the onlydetectable component of the immune response is a CD8⁺ T cell-mediatedresponse (see Examples 7-11).

In another embodiment, the immune response elicited by methods andcompositions provided herein comprises a CD4⁺ T cell-mediated response.In another embodiment, the immune response consists primarily of a CD4+T cell-mediated response. In another embodiment, the only detectablecomponent of the immune response is a CD4⁺ T cell-mediated response. Inanother embodiment, the CD4⁺ T cell-mediated response is accompanied bya measurable antibody response against the antigen. In anotherembodiment, the CD4⁺ T cell-mediated response is not accompanied by ameasurable antibody response against the antigen (see Examples 7-11).

In another embodiment, the immune response elicited by methods andcompositions provided herein comprises an innate immune response whereinM1 macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are activated.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of increasingintratumoral ratio of CD8+/T regulatory cells, whereby and in anotherembodiment, the method comprising the step of administering to thesubject a composition comprising the recombinant polypeptide,recombinant Listeria, or recombinant vector of the present invention(see Examples 7-11).

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of increasingintratumoral ratio of CD8+/T regulatory cells, whereby and in anotherembodiment, the method comprises the step of administering to thesubject a composition comprising the recombinant polypeptide,recombinant Listeria, or recombinant vector of the present invention(see Examples 7-11).

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of increasingintratumoral ratio of CD8+/myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC),whereby and in another embodiment, the method comprises the step ofadministering to the subject a composition comprising the recombinantListeria, or recombinant vector of the present invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of increasing theratio of CD8+/myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) at sites ofdisease, whereby and in another embodiment, the method comprises thestep of administering to the subject a composition comprising therecombinant Listeria, or recombinant vector of the present invention.

Common plasma markers in human MDSCs include CD33, CD11b, CD15, CD14negative, MHC class II negative, HLA DR^(low or −). Common intracellularmarkers include arginase, and iNOS. Further, human MDSCs' suppressiveactivity or mechanism includes use of nitric oxide (NO), arginase, ornitrotyrosine. In mice, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) areCD11b and Gr-1 double positive and have also have been described asF4/80^(int), CD11c^(low), MHCII−/^(low), Ly6C+. CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells thathave immunosuppressive ability have been described to produce IFN-g.MDSCs can be monocytic and/or granulocytic as well.

In one embodiment, MDSCs at disease sites can unexpectedly inhibit both,the function of antigen-specific and non-specific T cell function, whilespleen MDSCs can only inhibit the function of antigen-specific T cells.As demonstrated in the Examples below (see Examples 21-24), the liveattenuated Listeria provided herein reduces the amount or quantity ofsuppressor cells in a disease thereby allowing CD8 T cell replicationand infiltration at the disease site, for example, a tumor site.

Lm or sublytic doses of LLO in human epithelial Caco-2 cells induce theexpression of IL-6 that reduces bacterial intracellular growth andcauses over expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Nitricoxide appears to be an essential component of the innate immune responseto Lm, having an important role in listericidal activity of neutrophilsand macrophages, with a deficiency of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)causing susceptibility to Lm infection.

Lm infection also results in the generation of robust MHC Class 2restricted CD4⁺ T cell responses, and shifts the phenotype of CD4⁺ Tcells to Th-1. Further, CD4⁺ T cell help is required for the generationand maintenance of functional CD8⁺ T cell memory against Lm. Moreover,it has been reported infection of mice intraperitoneally with Lm causeda local induction of CD4⁺ T_(γδ) cells associated with IL-17 secretionin the peritoneal cavity however no changes were observed in the splenicor lymph node T cell populations after these injections. In addition,Listeria infection also involves other systems not essentially a part ofthe immune system but which support immune function to affect atherapeutic outcome, such as myelopoesis and vascular endothelial cellfunction.

Lm infected macrophages produce TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-12, all of which areimportant in inducing the production of IFN-γ and subsequent killing anddegradation of Lm in the phagosome. IL-12 deficiency results in anincreased susceptibility to listeriosis, which can be reversed throughadministration of IFN-γ. NK cells are the major source of IFN-γ in earlyinfection. Upon reinfection memory CD8⁺ T cells have the ability toproduce IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 in the absence of thecognate antigen. CD8⁺ T cells co-localize with the macrophages and Lm inthe T cell area of the spleen where they produce IFN-independent ofantigen. IFN-γ production by CD8⁺ T cells depends partially on theexpression of LLO.

IFN-γ plays an important role in anti-tumor responses obtained byLm-based vaccines. Although produced initially by NK cells, IFN-γ levelsare subsequently maintained by CD4⁺ T-helper cells for a longer period.Lm vaccines require IFN-γ for effective tumor regression, and IFN-γ isspecifically required for tumor infiltration of lymphocytes. IFN-γ alsoinhibits angiogenesis at the tumor site in the early effector phasefollowing vaccination.

A poorly described property of LLO, is its ability to induce epigeneticmodifications affecting control of DNA expression. Extracellular LLOinduces a dephosphorylation of the histone protein H3 and a similardeacetylation of the histone H4 in early phases of Listeria infection.This epigenetic effect results in reduced transcription of certain genesinvolved in immune function, thus providing a mechanism by which LLO mayregulate the expression of gene products required for immune responses.Another genomic effect of LLO is its ability to increase NF-κβtranslocation in association with the expression of ICAM and E-selectin,and the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1. Another signaling cascade affectedby LLO is the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, resultingin increase of Ca²⁺ influx across the cell membrane, which facilitatesthe entry of Listeria into endothelial cells and their subsequentinfection.

LLO is also a potent inducer of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6,IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, GM-CSF as well as NO, chemokines,and costimulatory molecules that are important for innate and adaptiveimmune responses. The proinflammatory cytokine-inducing property of LLOis thought to be a consequence of the activation of the TLR4 signalpathway. One evidence of the high Th1 cytokine-inducing activity of LLOis in that protective immunity to Lm can be induced with killed oravirulent Lm when administered together with LLO, whereas the protectionis not generated in the absence of LLO. Macrophages in the presence ofLLO release IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-18, which in turn activate NKcells to release IFN-γ resulting in enhanced macrophage activation.

IL-18 is also critical to resistance to Lm, even in the absence ofIFN-γ, and is required for TNF-α and NO production by infectedmacrophages. A deficiency of caspase-1 impairs the ability ofmacrophages to clear Lm and causes a significant reduction in IFN-γproduction and listericidal activity that can be reversed by IL-18.Recombinant IFN-γ injection restores innate resistance to listeriosis incaspase-1^(−/−) mice. Caspase-1 activation precedes the cell death ofmacrophages infected with Lm, and LLO deficient mutants that cannotescape the phagolysosome have an impaired ability to activate caspase-1.

LLO secreted by cytosolic Lm causes specific gene upregulation inmacrophages resulting in significant IFN-γ transcription and secretion.Cytosolic LLO activates a potent type I interferon response to invasiveLm independent of Toll-like receptors (TLR) without detectableactivation of NF-KB and MAPK. One of the IFN I-specific apoptotic genes,TNF-α related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is up-regulated duringLm infection in the spleen. Mice lacking TRAIL are also more resistantto primary listeriosis coincident with lymphoid and myeloid cell deathin the spleen.

Lm also secretes P60 which acts directly on naïve DCs to stimulate theirmaturation in a manner that permits activation of NK cells. Bothactivated DCs and IFN-γ that is produced by NK cells can boost cellular(Th1-type) immune responses. ActA stimulate toll receptors, for exampleTLR-5, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition andactivation of innate immune response.

In one embodiment, the Lm vaccines provided herein reduce the number ofTregs and MDSCs in a disease further provided herein. In anotherembodiment, Lm vaccines provided herein are useful to improve immuneresponses by reducing the number of Tregs and MDSCs at a specific sitein a subject. Such a site can be an inflammation site due to allergies,trauma, infection, disease or the site can be a tumor site.

In another embodiment, both monocytic and granulocytic MDSCs purifiedfrom the tumors of Listeria-treated mice are less able to suppress thedivision of CD8+ T cells than MDSCs purified from the tumors ofuntreated mice, whereas monocytic and granulocytic MDSCs purified fromthe spleens of these same tumor-bearing mice show no change in theirfunction after vaccination with Listeria (see Examples 7-11 herein). Inone embodiment, this effect is seen because splenic MDSCs are onlysuppressive in an antigen-specific manner. Hence, treatment withListeria has the distinct advantage that it allows for tumor-specificinhibition of tumor suppressive cells such as Tregs and MDSCs (seeExamples 7-11 herein). Another unexpected advantage provided by the liveattenuated Listeria of the methods and compositions provided herein isthat there are lower amount of Tregs in the tumor, and the ones thatpersist lose the ability to suppress T cell replication (see Examples7-11 herein).

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of reducing thepercentage of suppressor cells in a disease site in a subject, themethod comprising the step of administering a live attenuated Listeriavaccine strain to the subject.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of reducingsuppressor cells' ability to suppress T cell replication in a diseasesite in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering alive attenuated Listeria vaccine strain to said subject.

In one embodiment, reducing the number of the suppressor cells at adisease site effectively treats the disease. In another embodiment,reducing the number of the suppressor cells at the disease site enhancesan anti-disease immune response in the subject having the disease at thedisease site. In another embodiment, the immune response is acell-mediated immune response. In another embodiment, the immuneresponse is a tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) immune response.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of reducing thepercentage of suppressor cells in a disease in a subject and enhancing atherapeutic response against the disease in the subject, the methodcomprising the step of administering a live attenuated Listeria vaccinestrain to the subject, thereby reducing the percentage of suppressorcells in the disease and enhancing a therapeutic response against thedisease in the subject.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of reducingsuppressor cells' ability to suppress replication of T cells in adisease in a subject and enhancing a therapeutic response against thedisease in the subject, the method comprising the step of administeringa live attenuated Listeria vaccine strain to the subject.

In one embodiment, the term “percentage” is representative of theamount, quantity, or numbers, etc., of either Tregs, MDSCs, or CD8/CD4 Tcells measures in an assay or in an immune response. In anotherembodiment, it refers to the amount, quantity, percentage, etc. of anycomposition, cell, protein, bacteria or Listeria cell provided herein.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of attenuating arecombinant Listeria vaccine strain, wherein the method comprisesdeleting the genomic prfA, inlC and actA genes, where in anotherembodiment, the attenuation is relative to the wild-type strain or amutant strain having a mutant prfA, inlC, or actA, or any virulence genethereof. In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of furtherenhancing the immunogenicity of a recombinant Listeria vaccine strainalso provided herein, wherein the method comprises deleting the genomicprfA, inlC and actA genes. In one embodiment, provided herein is amethod of attenuating a recombinant Listeria vaccine strain, wherein themethod comprises deleting the genomic prfA, inlC or actA genes, where inanother embodiment, the attenuation is relative to the wild-type strainor a mutant strain having a mutant prfA, inlC, or actA, or any virulencegene thereof. In another embodiment, provided herein is a method offurther enhancing the immunogenicity of a recombinant Listeria vaccinestrain also provided herein, wherein the method comprises deleting thegenomic prfA, inlC or actA genes.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of eliciting anenhanced immune response in a subject recovering from cytotoxictreatment to a tumor or a cancer, the method comprising administering tosaid subject a composition comprising the recombinant Listeria strainprovided herein. In another embodiment, the recombinant Listeria straincomprises a mutation or deletion of the inlC gene, an actA gene, a prfAgene, a PlcA gene, a PLcB gene, a dal gene or a dal/dat gene. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant Listeria strain comprises an inlC and actAmutation or deletion. In another embodiment, the recombinant Listeriastrain comprises an inlC or actA mutation or deletion. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant Listeria strain consists of an inlC or actAmutation or deletion.

In one embodiment, the immune response elicited by the compositions andmethods provided herein is not antigen specific.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofreducing an incidence of cancer or infectious disease, comprisingadministering a composition of the present invention. In anotherembodiment, the present invention provides a method of amelioratingcancer or infectious disease, comprising administering a composition ofthe present invention. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In one embodiment, the cancer treated by a method of the presentinvention is breast cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is acervix cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is an Her2 containingcancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is a melanoma. In anotherembodiment, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In another embodiment, thecancer is ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is gastriccancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is a carcinomatous lesion ofthe pancreas. In another embodiment, the cancer is pulmonaryadenocarcinoma. In another embodiment, it is a glioblastoma multiforme.In another embodiment, it is a hypoxic solid tumor. In anotherembodiment, the cancer is colorectal adenocarcinoma. In anotherembodiment, the cancer is pulmonary squamous adenocarcinoma. In anotherembodiment, the cancer is gastric adenocarcinoma. In another embodiment,the cancer is an ovarian surface epithelial neoplasm (e.g. a benign,proliferative or malignant variety thereof). In another embodiment, thecancer is an oral squamous cell carcinoma. In another embodiment, thecancer is non small-cell lung carcinoma. In another embodiment, thecancer is an endometrial carcinoma. In another embodiment, the cancer isa bladder cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is a head and neckcancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is a prostate carcinoma. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

It is to be understood that the methods of the present invention may beused to treat any infectious disease, which in one embodiment, isbacterial, viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combinationthereof, infection. In another embodiment, the methods of the presentinvention are for inhibiting or suppressing a bacterial, viral,microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof, infectionin a subject. In another embodiment, the present invention provides amethod of eliciting a cytotoxic T-cell response against a bacterial,viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof,infection in a subject. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides a method of inducing an immune response against a bacterial,viral, microbial, microorganism, pathogenic, or combination thereof,infection in a subject. In one embodiment, the infection is viral, whichin one embodiment, is HIV. In one embodiment, the infection isbacterial, which in one embodiment, is mycobacterial, which in oneembodiment, is tuberculosis. In one embodiment, the infection iseukaryotic, which in one embodiment, is plasmodium, which in oneembodiment, is malaria.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducingan immune response in a subject having a concomitant helminth infection,where in another embodiment, the method comprises using a Listeriavaccine vector.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofinducing an immune response in a subject having concomitant infectiousdisease and helminth infections, the method comprising administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective dose of a Listeria vaccinevector, wherein the Listeria vaccine vector expresses and secretes anantigen of the infectious disease.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofinducing an immune response in a subject having concomitant infectiousdisease and helminth infections, the method comprising administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective dose of a Listeria vaccinevector, wherein the Listeria vaccine vector expresses and secretes anantigen of the infectious disease fused to an additional immunogenicpolypeptide.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofenhancing an innate immune response against an infectious disease in asubject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subjecta therapeutically effective dose of the composition comprising theListeria vaccine vector provided herein.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of elicitingan enhanced immune response to an infectious disease in a subject, themethod comprising administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective dose of the composition comprising the Listeria vaccine vectorprovided herein. In another embodiment, the immune response is notantigen specific.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreventing the onset of an infectious disease in a subject, the methodcomprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective dose of the composition comprising the Listeria vaccine vectorprovided herein. In another embodiment, the immune response is notantigen specific.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatingan infectious disease in a subject, the method comprising the step ofadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective dose of thecomposition comprising the Listeria vaccine vector provided herein. Inanother embodiment, the immune response is not antigen specific.

In one embodiment, the infectious disease is one caused by, but notlimited to, any one of the following pathogens: BCG/Tuberculosis,Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium vivax,Rotavirus, Cholera, Diptheria-Tetanus, Pertussis, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Hepatitis B, Human papilloma virus, Influenza seasonal),Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic, Measles and Rubella, Mumps, MeningococcusA+C, Oral Polio Vaccines, mono, bi and trivalent, Pneumococcal, Rabies,Tetanus Toxoid, Yellow Fever, Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Clostridiumbotulinum toxin (botulism), Yersinia pestis (plague), Variola major(smallpox) and other related pox viruses, Francisella tularensis(tularemia), Viral hemorrhagic fevers, Arena viruses (LCM, Junin virus,Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, Lassa Fever), Bunyaviruses(Hantaviruses, Rift Valley Fever), Flaviruses (Dengue), Filo viruses(Ebola, Marburg), Burkholderia pseudomallei, Coxiella burnetii (Qfever), Brucella species (brucellosis), Burkholderia mallei (glanders),Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis), Ricin toxin (from Ricinus communis),Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B,Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii), other Rickettsias, Food- andWaterborne Pathogens, Bacteria (Diarrheagenic E. coli, PathogenicVibrios, Shigella species, Salmonella BCG/, Campylobacter jejuni,Yersinia enterocolitica), Viruses (Caliciviruses, Hepatitis A, West NileVirus, LaCrosse, California encephalitis, VEE, EEE, WEE, JapaneseEncephalitis Virus, Kyasanur Forest Virus, Nipah virus, hantaviruses,Tick borne hemorrhagic fever viruses, Chikungunya virus, Crimean-CongoHemorrhagic fever virus, Tick borne encephalitis viruses, Hepatitis Bvirus, Hepatitis C virus, Herpes Simplex virus (HSV), Humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV), Human papillomavirus (HPV)), Protozoa(Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayatanensis, Giardia lamblia,Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma), Fungi (Microsporidia), Yellow fever,Tuberculosis, including drug-resistant TB, Rabies, Prions, Severe acuterespiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Coccidioidesposadasii, Coccidioides immitis, Bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydiatrachomatis, Cytomegalovirus, Granuloma inguinale, Hemophilus ducreyi,Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, or anyother infectious disease known in the art that is not listed herein.

In another embodiment, the infectious disease is a livestock infectiousdisease. In another embodiment, livestock diseases can be transmitted toman and are called “zoonotic diseases.” In another embodiment, thesediseases include, but are not limited to, Foot and mouth disease, WestNile Virus, rabies, canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, equineinfluenza virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), pseudorabies,classical swine fever (CSF), IBR, caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1(BHV-1) infection of cattle, and pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) inpigs, toxoplasmosis, anthrax, vesicular stomatitis virus, rhodococcusequi, Tularemia, Plague (Yersinia pestis), trichomonas.

In another embodiment of the methods of the present invention, thesubject mounts an immune response against an antigen-expressing tumor ortarget antigen, thereby mediating anti-tumor effects.

In one embodiment, the recombinant Listeria monocytogenes for use in thepresent invention secretes a heterologous peptide. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant Listeria monocytogenes for use in thepresent invention expresses a heterologous peptide. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant Listeria monocytogenes for use in thepresent invention expresses and secretes a non-hemolytic LLO, asdescribed herein.

In one embodiment, a treatment protocol of the present invention istherapeutic. In another embodiment, the protocol is prophylactic. Inanother embodiment, the vaccines of the present invention are used toprotect people at risk for cancer such as breast cancer or other typesof tumors because of familial genetics or other circumstances thatpredispose them to these types of ailments as will be understood by askilled artisan. Similarly, in another embodiment, the vaccines of thepresent invention are used to protect people at risk for infectiousdisease; such as tuberculosis, malaria, influenza, and leishmaniasis. Inanother embodiment, the vaccines are used as a cancer immunotherapy inearly stage disease, or after debulking of tumor growth by surgery,conventional chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Following suchtreatments, the vaccines of the present invention are administered sothat the CTL response to the tumor antigen of the vaccine destroysremaining metastases and prolongs remission from the cancer. In anotherembodiment, vaccines of the present invention are used to effect thegrowth of previously established tumors and to kill existing tumorcells. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the vaccines and immunogenic compositionsutilized in any of the methods described above have any of thecharacteristics of vaccines and immunogenic compositions of the presentinvention. Each characteristic represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

Various embodiments of dosage ranges are contemplated by this invention.In one embodiment, in the case of vaccine vectors, the dosage is in therange of 0.4 LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is from about0.4-4.9 LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment the dosage is from about0.5-0.59 LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment the dosage is from about0.6-0.69 LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment the dosage is from about0.7-0.79 LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment the dosage is about 0.8LD₅₀/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 0.4 LD₅₀/dose to 0.8 ofthe LD₅₀/dose.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10⁷ bacteria/dose. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1.5×10⁷ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment,the dosage is 2×10⁷ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is3×10⁷ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 4×10⁷bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 6×10⁷ bacteria/dose.In another embodiment, the dosage is 8×10⁷ bacteria/dose. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1×10⁸ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment,the dosage is 1.5×10⁸ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosageis 2×10⁸ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 3×10⁸bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 4×10⁸ bacteria/dose.In another embodiment, the dosage is 6×10⁸ bacteria/dose. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 8×10⁸ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment,the dosage is 1×10⁹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is1.5×10⁹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 2×10⁹bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 3×10⁹ bacteria/dose.In another embodiment, the dosage is 5×10⁹ bacteria/dose. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 6×10⁹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment,the dosage is 8×10⁹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is1×10¹⁰ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1.5×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 2×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 3×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 5×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 6×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 8×10¹⁰bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 8×10⁹ bacteria/dose.In another embodiment, the dosage is 1×10¹¹ bacteria/dose. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1.5×10¹¹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment,the dosage is 2×10¹¹ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is3×10″ bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 5×10¹¹bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 6×10¹¹bacteria/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 8×10¹¹bacteria/dose. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In one embodiment, the adjuvant vaccine of the present inventioncomprise a vaccine given in conjunction. In another embodiment, theadjuvant vaccine of the present invention is administered followingadministration of a vaccine regimen, wherein the vaccine regimen is aviral, bacteria, nucleic acid, or recombinant polypeptide vaccineformulation.

“Adjuvant” typically refers, in another embodiment, to compounds that,when administered to an individual or tested in vitro, increase theimmune response to an antigen in the individual or test system to whichthe antigen is administered. In another embodiment, an immune adjuvantenhances an immune response to an antigen that is weakly immunogenicwhen administered alone, i.e., inducing no or weak antibody titers orcell-mediated immune response. In another embodiment, the adjuvantincreases antibody titers to the antigen. In another embodiment, theadjuvant lowers the dose of the antigen effective to achieve an immuneresponse in the individual. However, in one embodiment, in the presentinvention, the adjuvant enhances an immune response in anantigen-unspecific manner in order to enable a heightened state of animmune response, as it applies to neonates, or in order to enable therecovery of the immune response following cytotoxic treatment, as itapplies to older children and adults and also as further providedherein.

In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention furthercomprise the step of administering to the subject a booster vaccination.In one embodiment, the booster vaccination follows a single primingvaccination. In another embodiment, a single booster vaccination isadministered after the priming vaccinations. In another embodiment, twobooster vaccinations are administered after the priming vaccinations. Inanother embodiment, three booster vaccinations are administered afterthe priming vaccinations. In one embodiment, the period between a primeand a boost vaccine is experimentally determined by the skilled artisan.In another embodiment, the period between a prime and a boost vaccine is1 week, in another embodiment it is 2 weeks, in another embodiment, itis 3 weeks, in another embodiment, it is 4 weeks, in another embodiment,it is 5 weeks, in another embodiment it is 6-8 weeks, in yet anotherembodiment, the boost vaccine is administered 8-10 weeks after the primevaccine.

In one embodiment, a vaccine or immunogenic composition of the presentinvention is administered alone to a subject. In another embodiment, thevaccine or immunogenic composition is administered together with anothercancer therapy. In another embodiment, the cancer therapy ischemotherapy, immuno therapy, radiation, surgery or any other type oftherapy available in the art as will be understood by a skilled artisan.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In one embodiment, the construct or nucleic acid molecule is integratedinto the Listerial chromosome using homologous recombination. Techniquesfor homologous recombination are well known in the art, and aredescribed, for example, in Baloglu S, Boyle S M, et al (Immune responsesof mice to vaccinia virus recombinants expressing either Listeriamonocytogenes partial listeriolysin or Brucella abortus ribosomal L7/L12protein. Vet Microbiol 2005, 109(1-2): 11-7); and Jiang L L, Song H H,et al., (Characterization of a mutant Listeria monocytogenes strainexpressing green fluorescent protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai) 2005, 37(1): 19-24). In another embodiment, homologousrecombination is performed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,320. Inthis case, a recombinant Lm strain that expresses E7 was made bychromosomal integration of the E7 gene under the control of the hlypromoter and with the inclusion of the hly signal sequence to ensuresecretion of the gene product, yielding the recombinant referred to asLm-AZ/E7. In another embodiment, a temperature sensitive plasmid is usedto select the recombinants. Each technique represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the construct or nucleic acid molecule isintegrated into the Listerial chromosome using transposon insertion.Techniques for transposon insertion are well known in the art, and aredescribed, inter alia, by Sun et al. (Infection and Immunity 1990, 58:3770-3778) in the construction of DP-L967. Transposon mutagenesis hasthe advantage, in another embodiment, that a stable genomic insertionmutant can be formed but the disadvantage that the position in thegenome where the foreign gene has been inserted is unknown.

In another embodiment, the construct or nucleic acid molecule isintegrated into the Listerial chromosome using phage integration sites(Lauer P, Chow M Y et al, Construction, characterization, and use of twoListeria monocytogenes site-specific phage integration vectors. JBacteriol 2002; 184(15): 4177-86). In certain embodiments of thismethod, an integrase gene and attachment site of a bacteriophage (e.g.U153 or PSA listeriophage) is used to insert the heterologous gene intothe corresponding attachment site, which may be any appropriate site inthe genome (e.g. comK or the 3′ end of the arg tRNA gene). In anotherembodiment, endogenous prophages are cured from the attachment siteutilized prior to integration of the construct or heterologous gene. Inanother embodiment, this method results in single-copy integrants. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, one of various promoters is used to expressprotein containing same. In one embodiment, an Lm promoter is used, e.g.promoters for the genes hly, actA, plcA, plcB and mpl, which encode theListerial proteins hemolysin, ActA, phosphotidylinositol-specificphospholipase, phospholipase C, and metalloprotease, respectively. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the construct or nucleic acid molecule isexpressed from an episomal vector, with an endogenous nucleic acidsequence encoding an LLO, PEST or ActA sequence or functional fragmentsthereof. In another embodiment, the construct or nucleic acid moleculecomprises a first and at least a second open reading frame each encodinga first and at least a second polypeptide, wherein the first and the atleast second polypeptide each comprise a heterologous antigen or afunctional fragment thereof fused to an endogenous PEST-containingpolypeptide. Such compositions are described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/290,783, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In another embodiment, the PEST-containing polypeptide is a truncatednon-hemolytic LLO, an N-terminal ActA, or a PEST sequence.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a recombinant Listeria straincomprising an episomal recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the nucleicacid molecule comprising a first and at least a second open readingframe each encoding a first and at least a second polypeptide, whereinthe first and the at least second polypeptide each comprise aheterologous antigen or a functional fragment thereof fused to anendogenous PEST-containing polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid furthercomprises an open reading frame encoding a plasmid replication controlregion. Such compositions are described in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/290,783, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In another embodiment, methods and compositions of the present inventionutilize a homologue of a heterologous antigen or LLO sequence of thepresent invention. The terms “homology,” “homologous,” etc, when inreference to any protein or peptide, refer in one embodiment, to apercentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that areidentical with the residues of a corresponding native polypeptide, afteraligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achievethe maximum percent homology, and not considering any conservativesubstitutions as part of the sequence identity. Methods and computerprograms for the alignment are well known in the art.

In another embodiment, the term “homology,” when in reference to anynucleic acid sequence similarly indicates a percentage of nucleotides ina candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides of acorresponding native nucleic acid sequence.

Homology is, in one embodiment, determined by computer algorithm forsequence alignment, by methods well described in the art. For example,computer algorithm analysis of nucleic acid sequence homology mayinclude the utilization of any number of software packages available,such as, for example, the BLAST, DOMAIN, BEAUTY (BLAST EnhancedAlignment Utility), GENPEPT and TREMBL packages.

In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequenceselected from SEQ ID No: 1-41 of greater than about 70%. In anotherembodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected fromSEQ ID No: 1-41 of greater than about 70%. In another embodiment, theidentity is greater than about 75%. In another embodiment, the identityis greater than about 78%. In another embodiment, the identity isgreater than about 80%. In another embodiment, the identity is greaterthan about 82%. In another embodiment, the identity is greater thanabout 83%. In another embodiment, the identity is greater than about85%. In another embodiment, the identity is greater than about 87%. Inanother embodiment, the identity is greater than about 88%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 90%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 92%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 93%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 95%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 96%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than about 97%. In anotherembodiment, the identity is greater than 98%. In another embodiment, theidentity is greater than about 99%. In another embodiment, the identityis 100%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, homology is determined via determination ofcandidate sequence hybridization, methods of which are well described inthe art (See, for example, “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D.,and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1985); Sambrook et al., 2001, MolecularCloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y.; andAusubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, GreenPublishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y.). For example methodsof hybridization may be carried out under moderate to stringentconditions, to the complement of a DNA encoding a native caspasepeptide. Hybridization conditions being, for example, overnightincubation at 42° C. in a solution comprising: 10-20% formamide, 5×SSC(150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/ml denatured,sheared salmon sperm DNA.

In one embodiment of the present invention, “nucleic acids” refers to astring of at least two base-sugar-phosphate combinations. The termincludes, in one embodiment, DNA and RNA. “Nucleotides” refers, in oneembodiment, to the monomeric units of nucleic acid polymers. RNA may be,in one embodiment, in the form of a tRNA (transfer RNA), snRNA (smallnuclear RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), anti-senseRNA, small inhibitory RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA) and ribozymes. Theuse of siRNA and miRNA has been described (Caudy A A et al, Genes &Devel 16: 2491-96 and references cited therein). DNA may be in form ofplasmid DNA, viral DNA, linear DNA, or chromosomal DNA or derivatives ofthese groups. In addition, these forms of DNA and RNA may be single,double, triple, or quadruple stranded. The term also includes, inanother embodiment, artificial nucleic acids that may contain othertypes of backbones but the same bases. In one embodiment, the artificialnucleic acid is a PNA (peptide nucleic acid). PNA contain peptidebackbones and nucleotide bases and are able to bind, in one embodiment,to both DNA and RNA molecules. In another embodiment, the nucleotide isoxetane modified. In another embodiment, the nucleotide is modified byreplacement of one or more phosphodiester bonds with a phosphorothioatebond. In another embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid contains anyother variant of the phosphate backbone of native nucleic acids known inthe art. The use of phosphothiorate nucleic acids and PNA are known tothose skilled in the art, and are described in, for example, Neilsen PE, Curr Opin Struct Biol 9:353-57; and Raz N K et al Biochem Biophys ResCommun 297:1075-84. The production and use of nucleic acids is known tothose skilled in art and is described, for example, in MolecularCloning, (2001), Sambrook and Russell, eds. and Methods in Enzymology:Methods for molecular cloning in eukaryotic cells (2003) Purchio and G.C. Fareed. Each nucleic acid derivative represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

Protein and/or peptide homology for any amino acid sequence listedherein is determined, in one embodiment, by methods well described inthe art, including immunoblot analysis, or via computer algorithmanalysis of amino acid sequences, utilizing any of a number of softwarepackages available, via established methods. Some of these packages mayinclude the FASTA, BLAST, MPsrch or Scanps packages, and may employ theuse of the Smith and Waterman algorithms, and/or global/local or BLOCKSalignments for analysis, for example. Each method of determininghomology represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising areagent utilized in performing a method of the present invention. Inanother embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising acomposition, tool, or instrument of the present invention.

The terms “contacting” or “administering,” in one embodiment, refer todirectly contacting the cancer cell or tumor with a composition of thepresent invention. In another embodiment, the terms refer to indirectlycontacting the cancer cell or tumor with a composition of the presentinvention. In another embodiment, methods of the present inventioninclude methods in which the subject is contacted with a composition ofthe present invention after which the composition is brought in contactwith the cancer cell or tumor by diffusion or any other active transportor passive transport process known in the art by which compoundscirculate within the body. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer tonucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame encoding apolypeptide of the invention. Such natural allelic variations cantypically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence of a givengene. Alternative alleles can be identified by sequencing the gene ofinterest in a number of different individuals or organisms. This can bereadily carried out by using hybridization probes to identify the samegenetic locus in a variety of individuals or organisms. Any and all suchnucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms orvariations that are the result of natural allelic variation and that donot alter the functional activity are intended to be within the scope ofthe invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions containing vaccines and compositions ofthe present invention are, in another embodiment, administered to asubject by any method known to a person skilled in the art, such asparenterally, paracancerally, transmucosally, transdermally,intramuscularly, intravenously, intra-dermally, subcutaneously,intra-peritonealy, intra-ventricularly, intra-cranially, intra-vaginallyor intra-tumorally.

In another embodiment of the methods and compositions provided herein,the vaccines or compositions are administered orally, and are thusformulated in a form suitable for oral administration, i.e. as a solidor a liquid preparation. Suitable solid oral formulations includetablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets and the like. Suitableliquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions,emulsions, oils and the like. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, the active ingredient is formulated in a capsule. Inaccordance with this embodiment, the compositions of the presentinvention comprise, in addition to the active compound and the inertcarrier or diluent, a gelatin capsule.

In another embodiment, the vaccines or compositions are administered byintravenous, intra-arterial, or intra-muscular injection of a liquidpreparation. Suitable liquid formulations include solutions,suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are administeredintravenously and are thus formulated in a form suitable for intravenousadministration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositionsare administered intra-arterially and are thus formulated in a formsuitable for intra-arterial administration. In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical compositions are administered intra-muscularly and arethus formulated in a form suitable for intra-muscular administration.

In one embodiment, the term “treating” refers to curing a disease. Inanother embodiment, “treating” refers to preventing a disease. Inanother embodiment, “treating” refers to reducing the incidence of adisease. In another embodiment, “treating” refers to amelioratingsymptoms of a disease. In another embodiment, “treating” refers toinducing remission. In another embodiment, “treating” refers to slowingthe progression of a disease. The terms “reducing”, “suppressing” and“inhibiting” refer in another embodiment to lessening or decreasing.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

The term “therapeutically effective dose” or “therapeutic effectiveamount” means a dose that produces the desired effect for which it isadministered. The exact dose will be ascertainable by one skilled in theart using known techniques.

The term “about” as used herein means in quantitative terms plus orminus 5%, or in another embodiment plus or minus 10%, or in anotherembodiment plus or minus 15%, or in another embodiment plus or minus20%.

The term “subject” refers in one embodiment to a mammal including ahuman in need of therapy for, or susceptible to, a condition or itssequelae. The subject may include dogs, cats, pigs, cows, sheep, goats,horses, rats, and mice and humans. The term “subject” does not excludean individual that is normal in all respects.

The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustratethe preferred embodiments of the invention. They should in no way beconstrued, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Materials and Experimental Methods Bacterial Strains,Transformation and Selection

E. coli strain MB2159 was used for transformations, using standardprotocols. Bacterial cells were prepared for electroporation by washingwith H₂O.

E. coli strain MB2159 (Strych U et al, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Mar.15; 196(2):93-8) is an alr (−)/dadX (−) deficient mutant that is notable to synthesize D-alanine racemase. Listeria strain Lm dal(−)/dat(−)(Lmdd) similarly is not able to synthesize D-alanine racemase due topartial deletions of the dal and the dat genes.

Plasmid Constructions

Using the published sequence of the plcA gene (Mengaud et al., Infect.Immun. 1989 57, 3695-3701), PCR was used to amplify the gene fromchromosomal DNA. The amplified product was then ligated into pAM401using SalI- and XbaI-generated DNA ends to generate pDP1462.

Plasmid pDP1500, containing prfA alone, was constructed by deleting theplcA gene, bases 429 to 1349 (Mengaud et al., supra), from pDP1462 afterrestriction with XbaI and PstI, treatment of the DNA ends with T4 DNApolymerase to make them blunt, and intramolecular ligation.

Plasmid pDP1499, containing the plcA promoter and a portion of the 3′end of plcA, was constructed by deleting a plcA internal fragment, bases428 to 882 (Mengaud et al., Infect. Immun 1989 57, 3695-3701), frompDP1339 after restriction with PstI and NsiI and intramolecularligation.

pDP1526 (pKSV7::ΔplcA) was constructed by a single three-part ligationof pKSV7 restricted with BAMHI and XbaI, the 468 bp XbaI andNsiI-generated fragment from pAM401::plcA containing the 5′ end of plcA(bases 882 to 1351; Mengaud et al., supra) and, the 501 bp PstI- andBamHI-generated fragment from pAM401::plcA prfA containing the 3′ end ofplcA (bases 77 to 429; Mengaud et al., supra).

The prfA promoter, bases 1-429 (Mengaud et al., supra), was isolated byEcoRI and PstI double digestion of pDP1462 and the fragment wassubsequently ligated into EcoRI- and PstI-restricted pKSV7 to generatepDP1498. Two random HindIII-generated 10403S chromosomal DNA fragments,approximately 3 kb in length, were ligated into HindIII-restrictedpKSV7, to generate the random integration control plasmids pDP1519 andpDP1521.

Construction of L. Monocytogenes Mutant Strains

L. monocytogenes strain DP-L1387 was isolated as a mutant with reducedlecithinase (PC-PLC) from a Tn917-LTV3 bank of SLCC 5764, constructed aspreviously described (Camilli et al., J. Bacteriol. 1990, 172,3738-3744). The site of Tn917-LTV3 insertion was determined bysequencing one transposon-chromosomal DNA junction as previouslydescribed (Sun et al., Infect. Immun 1990 58, 3770-3778). L.monocytogenes was transformed with plasmid DNA as previously described(Camilli et al., supra). Selective pressure for maintenance of pAM401,pKSV7, and their derivatives in L. monocytogenes was exerted in thepresence of 10 .mu.g of chloramphenicol per ml of media. In addition,maintenance of pKSV7 derivatives required growth at 30° C., a permissivetemperature for plasmid replication in Gram-positive bacteria.

Integration of pKSV7 derivatives into the L. monocytogenes chromosomeoccurred by homologous recombination between L. monocytogenes DNAsequences on the plasmids and their corresponding chromosomal alleles.Integration mutants were enriched by growth for approximately 30generations at 40° C., a non-permissive temperature for pKSV7replication, in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth containing 10 .mu.gchloramphenicol per ml of media. Each integration strain wassubsequently colony purified on BHI agar containing 10 .mu.gchloramphenicol per ml of media and incubated at 40° C. Southern blotanalyses of chromosomal DNA isolated from each integration strainconfirmed the presence of the integrated plasmid.

Construction of DP-L1552 is achieved by integration of the pKSV7derivative, pDP1526, to generate a merodiploid intermediate was done asdescribed above. Spontaneous excision of the integrated plasmid, throughintramolecular homologous recombination, occurred at a low frequency.Bacteria in which the plasmid had excised from the chromosome wereenriched by growth at 30° C. in BHI broth for approximately 50generations. The nature of the selective pressure during this step wasnot known but may be due to a slight growth defect of strains containingintegrated temperature-sensitive plasmids. Approximately 50% of excisionevents, i.e., those resulting from homologous recombination betweensequences 3′ of the deletion, resulted in allelic exchange of ΔplcA forthe wild-type allele on the chromosome.

The excised plasmids were cured by growing the bacteria at 40° C. in BHIfor approximately 30 generations. Bacteria cured of the plasmidretaining the ΔplcA allele on the chromosome were identified by theirfailure to produce a zone of turbidity surrounding colonies after growthon BHI agar plates containing a 5 ml overlay of BHI agar/2.5% eggyolk/2.5% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (BHI/egg yolk agar). Theturbid zones resulted from PI-PLC hydrolysis of PI in the egg yolk,giving an insoluble diacylglycerol precipitate. The correct plcAdeletion on the L. monocytogenes chromosome was confirmed by amplifyingthe deleted allele using PCR and sequencing across the deletion.

Thus, PI-PLC negative mutants (plcA deletion mutants) may be usedaccording to the present invention to generate attenuated L.monocytogenes vaccines. Other mutants were made using the same method,namely, an actA deletion mutant, a plcB deletion mutant, and a doublemutant lacking both plcA and plcB, all of which may also be usedaccording to the present disclosure to generate attenuated L.monocytogenes vaccines. Given the present disclosure, one skilled in theart would be able to create other attenuated mutants in addition tothose mentioned above.

Construction of Lmdd

The dal gene was initially inactivated by means of a double-allelicexchange between the chromosomal gene and the temperature-sensitiveshuttle plasmid pKSV7 (Smith K et al, Biochimie 1992 July-August;74(7-8):705-11) carrying an erythromycin resistance gene between a450-bp fragment from the 5′ end of the original 850-bp dal gene PCRproduct and a 450-bp fragment from the 3′ end of the dal gene PCRproduct. Subsequently, a dal deletion mutant covering 82% of the genewas constructed by a similar exchange reaction with pKSV7 carryinghomology regions from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the intact gene (includingsequences upstream and downstream of the gene) surrounding the desireddeletion. PCR analysis was used to confirm the structure of thischromosomal deletion.

The chromosomal dat gene was inactivated by a similar allelic exchangereaction. pKSV7 was modified to carry 450-bp fragments derived by PCRfrom both the 5′ and 3′ ends of the intact dat gene (including sequencesupstream and downstream of the gene). These two fragments were ligatedby appropriate PCR. Exchange of this construct into the chromosomeresulted in the deletion of 30% of the central bases of the dat gene,which was confirmed by PCR analysis.

Bacterial Culture and In Vivo Passaging of Listeria

E. coli were cultured following standard methods. Listeria were grown at37° C., 250 rpm shaking in LB media (Difco, Detroit, Mich.). +50 μg/mlstreptomycin, and harvested during exponential growth phase. ForLm-LLOE7, 37 μg/ml chloramphenicol was added to the media. For growthkinetics determinations, bacteria were grown for 16 hours in 10 ml ofLB+ antibiotics. The OD_(600 nm) was measured and culture densities werenormalized between the strains. The culture was diluted 1:50 into LB+suitable antibiotics and D-alanine if applicable.

Passaging of Lm in Mice

1×10⁸ CFU were injected intraperitoneally (ip.) into C57BL/6 mice. Onday three, spleens were isolated and homogenized in PBS. An aliquot ofthe spleen suspension was plated on LB plates with antibiotics asapplicable. Several colonies were expanded and mixed to establish aninjection stock.

Construction of Antibiotic Resistance Factor Free Plasmid pTV3

Construction of p60-dal Cassette.

The first step in the construction of the antibiotic resistancegene-free vector was construction of a fusion of a truncated p60promoter to the dal gene. The Lm alanine racemase (dal) gene (forwardprimer: 5′-CCA TGG TGA CAG OCT GGC ATC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 20) (reverseprimer: 5′-GCT AGC CTA ATG GAT GTA TTT TCT AGG-3′; SEQ ID NO: 21) and aminimal p60 promoter sequence (forward primer: 5′-TTA ATT AAC AAA TAGTTG GTA TAG TCC-3′; SEQ ID No: 22) (reverse primer: 5′-GAC GAT GCC AGCCTG TCA CCA TGG AAA ACT CCT CTC-3′; SEQ ID No: 23) were isolated by PCRamplification from the genome of Lm strain 104035. The primersintroduced a Pad site upstream of the p60 sequence, an NheI sitedownstream of the dal sequence (restriction sites in bold type), and anoverlapping dal sequence (the first 18 bp) downstream of the p60promoter for subsequent fusion of p60 and dal by splice overlapextension (SOE)-PCR. The sequence of the truncated p60 promoter was:CAAATAGTTGGTATAGTCCTCTTTAGCCTTTGGAGTATTATCTCATCATTTGTTTTTTAGGTGAAAACTGGGTAAACTTAGTATTATCAATATAAAATTAATTCTCAAATACTTAATTACGTACTGGGATTTTCTGAAAAAAGAGAGGAGTTTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 24 Kohler etal, J Bacteriol 173: 4668-74, 1991). Using SOE-PCR, the p60 and dal PCRproducts were fused and cloned into cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen,La Jolla, Calif.).

Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from pGG55.

The subsequent cloning strategy for removing the Chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (CAT) genes from pGG55 and introducing the p60-dalcassette also intermittently resulted in the removal of thegram-positive replication region (oriRep; Brantl et al, Nucleic Acid Res18: 4783-4790, 1990). In order to re-introduce the gram-positive oriRep,the oriRep was PCR-amplified from pGG55, using a 5′-primer that added aNarI/EheI site upstream of the sequence (GGCGCCACTAACTCAACGCTAGTAG, SEQID NO: 25) and a 3′-primer that added a NheI site downstream of thesequence (GCTAGCCAGCAAAGAAAAACAAACACG, SEQ ID NO: 26). The PCR productwas cloned into cloning vector pCR2.1 and sequence verified.

In order to incorporate the p60-dal sequence into the pGG55 vector, thep60-dal expression cassette was excised from pCR-p60dal by PacI/NheIdouble digestion. The replication region for gram-positive bacteria inpGG55 was amplified from pCR-oriRep by PCR (primer 1,5′-GTC GAC GGT CACCGG CGC CAC TAA CTC AAC GCT AGT AG-3′; SEQ ID No: 27); (primer 2,5′-TTAATT AAG CTA GCC AGC AAA GAA AAA CAA ACA CG-3′; SEQ ID No: 28) tointroduce additional restriction sites for EheI and NheI. The PCRproduct was ligated into pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), andthe sequence was verified. The replication region was excised byEheI/NheI digestion, and vector pGG55 was double digested with EheI andNheI, removing both CAT genes from the plasmid simultaneously. The twoinserts, p60-dal and oriRep, and the pGG55 fragment were ligatedtogether, yielding pTV3 (FIG. 1). pTV3 also contains a prfA(pathogenicity regulating factor A) gene. This gene is not necessary forthe function of pTV3, but can be used in situations wherein anadditional selected marker is required or desired.

Preparation of DNA for Real-Time PCR

Total Listeria DNA was prepared using the Masterpure® Total DNA kit(Epicentre, Madison, Wis.). Listeria were cultured for 24 hours at 37°C. and shaken at 250 rpm in 25 ml of Luria-Bertoni broth (LB). Bacterialcells were pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in PBS supplementedwith 5 mg/ml of lysozyme and incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C., afterwhich DNA was isolated.

In order to obtain standard target DNA for real-time PCR, the LLO-E7gene was PCR amplified from pGG55 (5′-ATGAAAAAAATAATGCTAGTTTTTATTAC-3′(SEQ ID NO: 29); 5′-GCGGCCGCTTAATGATGATGATGATGATGTGGTTTCTG AGAACAGATG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 30)) and cloned into vector pETblue1 (Novagen, San Diego,Calif.). Similarly, the plcA amplicon was cloned into pCR2.1. E. coliwere transformed with pET-LLOE7 and pCR-plcA, respectively, and purifiedplasmid DNA was prepared for use in real-time PCR.

Real-Time PCR

Taqman primer-probe sets (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) weredesigned using the ABI PrimerExpress software (Applied Biosystems) withE7 as a plasmid target, using the following primers:5′-GCAAGTGTGACTCTACGCTTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31);5′-TGCCCATTAACAGGTCTTCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32); 5′-FAM-TGCGTACAAAGCACACACGTAGACATTCGTAC-TAMRA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33) and the one-copygene plcA (TGACATCGTTTGTGTTTGAGCTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34,5′-GCAGCGCTCTCTATACCAGGTAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35); 5′-TET-TTAATGTCCATGTTATGTCTCCGTTATAGCTCATCGTA-TAMRA-3′; SEQ ID NO: 36) as a Listeria genometarget.

0.4 μM primer and 0.05 mM probe were mixed with PuRE Taq RTG PCR beads(Amersham, Piscataway, N.J.) as recommended by the manufacturer.Standard curves were prepared for each target with purified plasmid DNA,pET-LLOE7 and pCR-plcA (internal standard) and used to calculate genecopy numbers in unknown samples. Mean ratios of E7 copies/plcA copieswere calculated based on the standard curves and calibrated by dividingthe results for Lmdd-TV3 and Lm-LLOE7 with the results from Lm-E7, aListeria strain with a single copy of the E7 gene integrated into thegenome. All samples were run in triplicate in each qPCR assay which wasrepeated three times. Variation between samples was analyzed by Two-WayANOVA using the KyPlot software. Results were deemed statisticallysignificant if p<0.05.

Growth Measurements

Bacteria were grown at 37° C., 250 rpm shaking in Luria Bertani (LB)Medium+/−100 micrograms (μg)/ml D-alanine and/or 37 μg/mlchloramphenicol. The starting inoculum was adjusted based on OD₆₀₀ nmmeasurements to be the same for all strains.

Hemolytic Lysis Assay

4×10⁹ CFU of Listeria were thawed, pelleted by centrifugation (1 minute,14000 rpm) and resuspended in 100 μl PBS, pH 5.5 with 1 M cysteine.Bacteria were serially diluted 1:2 and incubated for 45 minutes at 37°C. in order to activate secreted LLO. Defibrinated total sheep blood(Cedarlane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada) was washed twice with 5 volumes ofPBS and three to four times with 6 volumes of PBS-Cysteine until thesupernatant remained clear, pelleting cells at 3000×g for 8 minutesbetween wash steps, then resuspended to a final concentration of 10%(v/v) in PBS-Cysteine. 100 ill of 10% washed blood cells were mixed with100 μl of Listeria suspension and incubated for additional 45 minutes at37° C. Un-lysed blood cells were then pelleted by centrifugation (10minutes, 1000×g). 100 ill of supernatant was transferred into a newplate and the OD_(530 nm) was determined and plotted against the sampledilution.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Lmdd-Tv3

10⁵ TC-1 (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) were implanted subcutaneously in C57BL/6mice (n=8) and allowed to grow for about 7 days, after which tumors werepalpable. TC-1 is a C57BL/6 epithelial cell line that was immortalizedwith HPV E6 and E7 and transformed with activated ras, which formstumors upon subcutaneous implantation. Mice were immunized with 0.1 LD₅₀of the appropriate Listeria strain on days 7 and 14 followingimplantation of tumor cells. A non-immunized control group (naïve) wasalso included. Tumor growth was measured with electronic calipers.

Construction of LmddAinlC

The deletions in the Listeria chromosome are introduced by homologousrecombination between a target gene and homologous sequences present onthe plasmid, which is temperature sensitive for DNA replication. Aftertransformation of plasmid into the host, the integration of the plasmidinto the chromosome by single crossover event is selected during growthat non-permissive temperature (42° C.) while maintaining selectivepressure. Subsequent growth of co-integrates at permissive temperatures(30° C.) leads to second recombination event, resulting in theirresolution.

To create deletion mutant, DNA fragments that are present upstream anddownstream of inlC region (indicated in the figure is amplified by PCR(indicated in FIGS. 2 and 3 and respective SEQ ID NO: 37 and SEQ ID NO:38).

(SEQ ID NO: 37)atggcgcgggatggtatactatacaagcgtatggttcaaaaagatactttgaattaagaagtacaataaagttaacttcattagacaaaaagaaaaaacaaggaagaatagtacatagttataaatacttggagagtgaggtgtaatatgggggcagctgattttggggtttcatatatgtagtttcaagattagccattgttgcggcagtagtttacttcttatacttattgagaaaaattgcaaataaatagaaaaaaagccttgtcaaacgaggctttttttatgcaaaaaatacgacgaatgaagccatgtgagacaatttggaatagcagacaacaaggaaggtagaacatgttttgaaaaatttactgattttcgattattattaacgcttgttaatttaaacatctcttatttttgctaacatataagtatacaaagggacataaaaaggttaacagcgtttgttaaataggaagtatatgaaaatcctcttttgtgatctaaatttatttttaaggagtggagaatgttgaaaaaaaataattggttacaaaatgcagtaatagcaatgctagtgttaattgtaggtctgtgcattaatatgggttctggaacaaaagtacaagctgagagtattcaacgaccaacgcctattaaccaagtttttccagatcccggcctagcgaatgcagtgaaacaaaatttagggaagcaaagtgttacagaccttgtatcacaaaaggaactatctggagtacaaaatttcaatggagataatagcaacattcaatctcttgcgggaatgcaatttttcactaatttaaaagaacttcatctatcccataatcaaataagtgaccttagtcctttaaaggatctaactaagttagaagagctatctgtgaatagaaacagactgaaaaatttaaacggaattccaagtgcttgtttatctcgcttgtttttagataacaacgaactcagagatactgactcgcttattcatttgaaaaatctagaaatcttatctattcgtaataataagttaaaaagtattgtgatgcttggttttttatcaaaactagaggtattagatttgcatggtaatgaaataacaaatacaggtggactaactagattgaagaaagttaactggatagatttaactggtcagaaatgtgtgaatgaaccagtaaaataccaaccagaattgtatataacaaatactgtcaaagacccagatggaagatggatatctccatattacatcagtaatggtgggagttatgtagatggttgtgtcctgtgggaattgccagtttatacagatgaagtaagctataagtttagcgaatatataaacgttggggagactgaggctatatttgatggaacagttacacaacctatcaagaattaggacttgtgcacacctgtatactttgagctctcgtataatcacgagagctttttaaatatgtaagtcttaattatctcttgacaaaaagaacgatattcgtataaggttaccaagagatgaagaaactattttatttacaattcaccttgacaccaaaaactccatatgatatagtaaataaggttattaaacaagaaagaagaagcaacccgcttctcgcctcgttaacacgaacgttttcaggcaaaaaattcaaactttcgtcgcgtagcttacgcgattttgaatgtgcgggattgctgaaaagcagcccgtttttttatggcctccgaacgaatgagttagcaggccgcagatttgaacagctattttctatcttgttgtaacaaaattaagtggaggtggctcaccattagcaaagacatgttggtaaacgatgggattcgtgcacgtgaagtaagattgatcgaccaagacggtgaacaattaggcgtgaagagtaaaatcgatgcgcttcaaattgctgaaaaggctaatcttgatctagtgcttgttgctccaacagcgaaaccgccagtagctcgta.(SEQ ID NO: 38) GAATTCatggcgcgggatggtatactatacaagcgtatggttcaaaaagatactttgaattaagaagtacaataaagttaacttcattagacaaaaagaaaaaacaaggaagaatagtacatagttataaatacttggagagtgaggtgtaatatgggggcagctgatttttggggtttcatatatgtagtttcaagattagccattgttgcggcagtagtttacttcttatacttattgagaaaaattgcaaataaatagaaaaaaagccttgtcaaacgaggctttttttatgcaaaaaatacgacgaatgaagccatgtgagacaatttggaatagcagacaacaaggaaggtagaacatgttttgaaaaatttactgattttcgattattattaacgcttgttaatttaaacatctcttattttgctaacatataagtatacaaagggacataaaaaggttaacagcgtttgttaaataggaagtatatgaaaatcctctttgtgtttctaaatttatttttaaggagtggaga GGATCCggacttgtgcacacctgtatactttgagctctcgtataatcacgagagctttttaaatatgtaagtcttaattatctcttgacaaaaagaacgtttattcgtataaggttaccaagagatgaagaaactattttatttacaattcaccttgacaccaaaaactccatatgatatagtaaataaggttattaaacaagaaagaagaagcaacccgcttctcgcctcgttaacacgaacgttttcaggcaaaaaattcaaactttcgtcgcgtagcttacgcgattttgaatgtgcgggattgctgaaaagcagcccgtttttttatggcctccgaacgaatgagttagcaggccgcagatttgaacagctattttctatcttgttgtaacaaaattaagtggaggtggctcaccattagcaaagacatgttggtaaacgatgggattcgtgcacgtgaagtaagattgatcgaccaagacggtgaacaattaggcgtgaagagtaaaatcgatgcgcttcaaattgctgaaaaggctaatcttgatctagtgcttgttgctccaacagcgaaaccgccagtagctcgtaCTGCAG.

The inl C gene codes for 296 amino acid protein and the entire gene forthis protein is deleted. The DNA fragments, DNA-up and DNA-down areamplified by PCR and cloned sequentially in the plasmid, pNEB193 usingrestriction enzyme sites EcoRI/BamHI and BamH1/Pst1, respectively asindicated in FIG. 3. The DNA cassette up-down (EcoR1 and Pst1 fragment)is excised and further cloned in the temperature sensitive shuttlevector, pKSV7. After cloning, the plasmid, pKSV7/up-down is transformedin the strain Lm dal dat actA and the resulting colonies are tested forthe presence of plasmid using colony PCR.

For homologous recombination, the bacteria is cultured repeatedly for 5days under chloramphenicol (Cm) selection at 30° C., conditionspermissive for plasmid replication and during which time random DNAcrossover events occur. This incubation step allowed for the integrationof the shuttle plasmid into the genome, thus initially transferring Cmresistance. Bacteria containing a chromosomally integrated plasmid copyare selected by growth under Cm selective pressure during a temperatureshift to 42° C., conditions not permissive for plasmid replication. Thecolonies are verified for the first recombination using PCR and thegrowth temperature are again shifted to 30° C. to allow for a second DNAcross over occurring at homologous sites, thus excising unwanted plasmidsequences and leaving only the recombinant gene copy behind in the Lmchromosome. By employing an additional temperature shift to 42° C., theexcised plasmid is prohibited from replicating, so that it is dilutedout during expansion of the bacterial culture. Furthermore, subsequentreplica plating is used for selecting the Cm sensitive bacteria. The Cmsensitive colonies are analyzed for the deletion of inl C gene usingcolony PCR.

Generation of an ActA Deletion Mutant

The strain Lm dal dat (Lmdd) was attenuated by the irreversible deletionof the virulence factor, ActA. An in frame deletion of actA in theLmdaldat (Lmdd) background was constructed to avoid any polar effects onthe expression of downstream genes. The Lm dal dat ΔactA contains thefirst 19 amino acids at the N-terminal and 28 amino acid residues of theC-terminal with a deletion of 591 amino acids of ActA. The deletion ofthe gene into the chromosomal spot was verified using primers thatanneal external to the actA deletion region. These are primers 3 (Adv305-tgggatggccaagaaattc) (SEQ ID NO: 39) and 4(Adv304-ctaccatgtcttccgttgcttg) (SEQ ID NO: 40) as shown in the FIG. 4.The PCR analysis was performed on the chromosomal DNA isolated from Lmddand Lm-ddΔactA. The sizes of the DNA fragments after amplification withtwo different set of primer pairs 1, 2 and 3, 4 in Lm-dd chromosomal DNAwas expected to be 3.0 Kb and 3.4 Kb. However, for the Lm-ddAactA theexpected sizes of PCR using the primer pairs 1, 2 and 3, 4 was 1.2 Kband 1.6 Kb. Thus, PCR analysis in FIG. 3 confirms that 1.8 kb region ofactA was deleted in the strain, Lm-ddΔactA. DNA sequencing was alsoperformed on PCR products to confirm the deletion of actA containingregion in the strain, Lm-ddΔactA (FIG. 5).

(SEQ ID NO: 41)gcgccaaatcattggttgattggtgaggatgtctgtgtgcgtgggtcgcgagatgggcgaataagaagcattaaagatcctgacaaatataatcaagcggctcatatgaaagattacgaatcgatccactcacagaggaaggcgactggggcggagttcattataatagtggtatcccgaataaagcagcctataatactatcactaaacttggaaaagaaaaaacagaacagcatattacgcgccttaaagtactatttaacgaaaaaatcccagtttaccgatgcgaaaaaagcgcttcaacaagcagcgaaagatttatatggtgaagatgcttctaaaaaagttgctgaagcttgggaagcagttggggttaactgattaacaaatgttagagaaaaattaattctccaagtgatattcttaaaataattcatgaatattttttcttatattagctaattaagaagataactaactgctaatccaatttttaacggaacaaattagtgaaaatgaaggccgaattttccttgttctaaaaaggttgtattagcgtatcacgaggagggagtataagtgggattaaacagatttatgcgtgcgatgatggtggttttcattactgccaattgcattacgattaaccccgac

ccatacgacgttaattcttgcaatgttagctattggcgtgttctctttaggggcgtttatcaaaattattcaattaagaaaaaataattaaaaacacagaacgaaagaaaaagtgaggtgaatgatatgaaattcaaaaaggtggttctaggtatgtgcttgatcgcaagtgttctagtctttccggtaacgataaaagcaaatgcctgttgtgatgaatacttacaaacacccgcagctccgcatgatattgacagcaaattaccacataaacttagttggtccgcggataacccgacaaatactgacgtaaatacgcactattggctttttaaacaagcggaaaaaatactagctaaagatgtaaatcatatgcgagctaatttaatgaatgaacttaaaaaattcgataaacaaatagctcaaggaatatatgatgcggatcataaaaatccatattatgatactagtacatttttatctcatttttataatcctgatagagataatacttatttgccgggttttgctaatgcgaaaataacaggagcaaagtatttcaatcaatcggtgactgattaccgagaagggaa.

Production of Inflammatory Cytokines:

Macrophages such as RAW 264.7 are infected with different Listeriabackbones such as Lm dal dat, Lm dal dat actA, Lm dal dat actA ΔinlC andLm dal dat ΔinlC and supernatant is harvested at different time pointsto quantify the level of various cytokines using different ELISA basedkits. The cytokines that are quantified include IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6.

In Vivo Cytokine Production:

To measure the in vivo cytokine production and recruitment ofneutrophils, C57BL/6 mice are injected intraperitoneally with different10⁸ CFU of inlC mutant, Listeria control or an equivalent volume ofsaline. After 12 h mice are killed and peritoneal cavities are washedwith 2 mL of PBS. The peritoneal washes are examined for bacterial loadafter plating on growth medium and analysis of proinflammatory cytokinessuch as MIP-1α, KC, MCP etc. Using flow cytometry the number ofneutrophils and macrophages is determine after staining with markerssuch as Gr-1, CD11b and F4/80 and further these populations arequantified using CellQuest software.

Transwell Migration Assay:

This assay is done to determine if there is an increase in the migrationof neutrophils following infection of bone marrow derived macrophages ordendritic cells with the inlC deletion strain. Bone marrow-derivedmacrophages or dendritic cells are isolated from mice such as C57BL/6and are infected with the inlC deletion mutants or control Listeria.Using infected cells the transwell assay is set up using corning costarTranswell plates. The assay is initially standardize using 3, 5, or 8micron pore transwell plates. To test neutrophil migration, plate theinfected APCs in the bottom of the plate and the neutrophils in the topof the well in the chamber. At different time points the cells arecounted to determine the number of neutrophils that have migrated to thebottom.

Therapeutic Efficacy of the Lm Dal Dat actA ΔinlC Mutant:

To determine the therapeutic efficacy of inlC mutant, human Prostatespecific antigen (PSA) is used as tumor antigen as proof of concept. Thebackbone Lm dal dat actA inlC are transformed with the plasmid, pAdv142that contains expression cassette for human PSA resulting inLmddAinlC142. The strain LmddAinlC142 is characterized for theexpression and secretion of fusion protein, tLLO-PSA. Further the strainLmddAinlC142 are passaged twice in vivo in mice and the coloniesobtained after two in vivo passages are examined for the expression andsecretion of fusion protein, tLLO-PSA. The vaccine working stock areprepared from the colonies obtained after second in vivo passage andthis are used for the assessment of therapeutic effects andimmunogenicity.

Impact on Tumor Microenvironment:

The ability of LmddAinlC142, LmddA142 and other control strains to causeinfiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment aredetermined. In this study mice are inoculated with 1×10⁶ TPSA23 tumorcells on day 0 and are vaccinated on day 7, 14 and 21 with 10⁸ CFU ofLmddAinlC142, LmddA142 and other control strains. Tumors are harvestedon day 28 and processed for further staining with different cell surfacemarkers such as Gr-1, CD11b, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, Foxp3, NK1.1 andCD62L. Using these markers different cell populations that are examinedinclude macrophages (CD11b⁺), NK cells (NK1.1⁺), neutrophils (Gr-1⁺CD11b⁺), myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (Gr-1⁺ CD11b⁺),regulatory T cells (CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺) and effector T cells (CD8⁺CD3^(+CD)62L^(low)). Further effector T cells are characterized fortheir functional ability to produce effector cytokines such as IFN-γ,TNF-α and IL-2. The intratumoral regulatory T cells and MDSCs are testedfor their ability to cause suppression of T cell proliferation.

Listeria Immunization and S. mansoni Infection

Female (6-8 weeks old) BALB/c mice were maintained as naïve(un-infected) or infected with S. mansoni. For infection, mice wereinjected i.p. with 50 cercariae. Eight weeks later, both infected andun-infected mice were immunized i.p. (100 μg/injection) with 0.1 LD50Lm-gag, 0.2 LD50 Lm-gag, or 1 LD50 Lm-gag, or orally with 10 LD50 Lm-gagor 100 LD50 Lm-gag. Two weeks later, some groups of mice were boostedi.p. with 0.1 LD50 Lm-gag or 0.2 LD50 Lm-gag or orally with 10 LD50Lm-gag or 100 LD50 Lm-gag in a similar manner. Lm-E7 was used as anegative control. Two weeks after the final immunization, the T-cellimmune response was analyzed as described below. Infection was confirmedat the time of sacrifice by examining the mice for the presence ofworms, liver eggs and hepatosplenomegally.

MDSC and Treg Function

Tumors were implanted in mice on the flank or a physiological sitedepending on the tumor model. After 7 days, mice were then vaccinated,the initial vaccination day depends on the tumor model being used. Themice were then administered a booster vaccine one week after the vaccinewas given.

Mice were then sacrificed and tumors and spleen were harvested 1 weekafter the boost or, in the case of an aggressive tumor model, 3-4 daysafter the boost. Five days before harvesting the tumor, non-tumorbearing mice were vaccinated to use for responder T cells. Splenocyteswere prepared using standard methodology.

Briefly, single cell suspensions of both the tumors and the spleens wereprepared. Spleens were crushed manually and red blood cells were lysed.Tumors were minced and incubated with collagenase/DNase. Alternatively,the GENTLEMACS™ dissociator was used with the tumor dissociation kit.

MDSCs were purified from tumors and spleens using a Miltenyi kit andcolumns or the autoMACs separator. Cells were then counted.

Single cell suspension was prepared and the red blood cells were lysed.Responder T cells were then labeled with CFSE.

Cells were plated together at a 2:1 ratio of responder T cells (from alldivision cycle stages) to MDSCs at a density of 1×10⁵ T cells per wellin 96 well plates. Responder T cells were then stimulated with eitherthe appropriate peptide (PSA OR CA9) or non-specifically withPMA/ionomycin. Cells were incubated in the dark for 2 days at 37° C.with 5% CO₂. Two days later, the cells were stained for FACS andanalyzed on a FACS machine.

Analysis of T-Cell Responses

For cytokine analysis by ELISA, splenocytes were harvested and plated at1.5 million cells per well in 48-well plates in the presence of media,SEA or conA (as a positive control). After incubation for 72 hours,supernatants were harvested and analyzed for cytokine level by ELISA(BD). For antigen-specific IFN-γ ELISpot, splenocytes were harvested andplated at 300K and 150K cells per well in IFN-γ ELISpot plates in thepresence of media, specific CTL peptide, irrelevant peptide, specifichelper peptide or conA (as a positive control). After incubation for 20hours, ELISpots (BD) were performed and spots counted by the Immunospotanalyzer (C.T.L.). Number of spots per million splenocytes were graphed.

Splenocytes were counted using a Coulter Counter, Z1. The frequency ofIFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells after re-stimulation with gag-CTL,gag-helper, medium, an irrelevant antigen, and con A (positive control)was determined using a standard IFN-γ-based ELISPOT assay.

Briefly, IFN-γ was detected using the mAb R46-A2 at 5 mg/ml andpolyclonal rabbit anti-IFN-γ used at an optimal dilution (kindlyprovided by Dr. Phillip Scott, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Pa.). The levels of IFN-γ were calculated by comparison with a standardcurve using murine rIFN-γ (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Plateswere developed using a peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG Ab(IFN-γ). Plates were then read at 405 nm. The lower limit of detectionfor the assays was 30 pg/ml.

Results Example 1 A Plasmid Containing an Amino Acid Metabolism EnzymeInstead of an Antibiotic Resistance Gene is Retained in E. Coli and LmBoth In Vitro and In Vivo

An auxotroph complementation system based on D-alanine racemase wasutilized to mediate plasmid retention in Lm without the use of anantibiotic resistance gene. E. coli strain MB2159 is an alr (−)/dadX (−)deficient mutant that is not able to synthesize D-alanine racemase.Listeria strain Lm dal(−)/dat(−) (Lmdd) similarly is not able tosynthesize D-alanine racemase due to partial deletions of the dal andthe dat genes. Plasmid pGG55, which is based on E. coli-Listeria shuttlevector pAM401, was modified by removing both CAT genes and replacingthem with a p60-dal expression cassette under control of the Listeriap60 promoter to generate pTV3 (FIG. 1). DNA was purified from severalcolonies.

Example 2 Plasmids Containing a Metabolic Enzyme Do not Increase TheVirulence of Bacteria

As virulence is linked to LLO function, the hemolytic lysis activitybetween Lmdd-TV3 and Lm-LLOE7 was compared. This assay tests LLOfunction by lysis of red blood cells and can be performed with culturesupernatant, purified LLO or bacterial cells. Lmdd-TV3 displayed higherhemolytic lysis activity than Lm-LLOE7.

In vivo virulence was also measured by determining LD₅₀ values, a moredirect, and therefore accurate, means of measuring virulence. The LD₅₀of Lmdd-TV3 (0.75×10⁹) was very close to that of Lm-LLOE7 (1×10⁹),showing that plasmids containing a metabolic enzyme do not increase thevirulence of bacteria.

Example 3 Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity by Plasmids Containing aMetabolic Enzyme

Efficacy of the metabolic enzyme-containing plasmid as a cancer vaccinewas determined in a tumor regression model. The TC-1 cell line model,which is well characterized for HPV vaccine development and whichallowed for a controlled comparison of the regression of establishedtumors of similar size after immunization with Lmdd-TV3 or Lm-LLOE7, wasused. In two separate experiments, immunization of mice with Lmdd-TV3and Lm-LLOE7 resulted in similar tumor regression (FIG. 6) with nostatistically significant difference (p<0.05) between vaccinated groups.All immunized mice were still alive after 63 days, whereas non-immunizedmice had to be sacrificed when their tumors reached 20 mm diameter.Cured mice remained tumor-free until the termination of the experiment.

Thus, metabolic enzyme-containing plasmids are efficacious as atherapeutic cancer vaccine. Because immune responses required for atherapeutic cancer vaccine are stronger than those required for aprophylactic cancer vaccine, these results demonstrate utility as wellfor a prophylactic cancer vaccine.

Example 4 inlC-Deletion Mutant Generate Significantly High Levels of theChemokines and Cytokines

inlC deletion mutant generates significantly high levels of thechemokines such as MIP-1α, KC (mouse homolog of IL-8), MCP resulting ininfiltration of neutrophils and leukocytes towards the site ofinfection. Thus when different Listeria strains are administeredintraperitoneally, the inlC mutant demonstrate an increase production ofthese cytokines and chemokines, which attract neutrophils andmacrophages in the peritoneal fluid obtained 12 h after injection.Further, inlC deletion mutant generate significantly high levels of theinflammatory cytokines when compared to control strains.

Example 5 inlC-Deletion Mutants Induce Neutrophil Migration

The macrophages infected with inlC deletion mutant show significantincrease in the migration of neutrophils at different time points whencompared to other control strains. The results of this experimentstrongly support the ability of this strain to attract immune cells suchas neutrophils during infection.

Example 6 inlC-Deletion Mutants Effect a Therapeutic Anti-Tumor Response

The results of anti-tumor studies using both LmddA142 and LmddAinlC142are very comparable to each other and therapeutic regression of tumorsis observed. Further, two doses of LmddAinlC142 are comparable to threedoses of the strain LmddA142 because of its ability to generate highlevels of innate responses and increased secretion of proinflammatorycytokines.

At day 0 tumors were implanted in mice. At day 7 mice were vaccinatedwith Lmdda-E7 or LmddA-PSA. At day 14 tumors were harvested and MDSCsand Treg percentages and numbers were measured for vaccinated and naïvegroups. It was found that there is a decrease in the percentages of bothMDSC and Tregs in the tumors of Listeria-treated mice, whereas the sameeffect is not observed in the spleens or the draining lymph nodes (TLDN)(FIG. 7).

Isolated splenocytes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) extractedfrom tumor bearing mice in the above experiment were pooled and stainedfor CD3, and CD8 to elucidate the effect of immunization with Lm-LLO-E7,Lm-LLO-PSA and Lm-LLO-CA9, Lm-LLO-Her2 (FIG. 8-20) on the presence ofMDSCs and Tregs (both splenic and tumoral MDSCs and Tregs) in the tumor.Each column represents the % of T cell population at a particular celldivision stage and is subgrouped under a particular treatment group(naïve, peptide-CA9 or PSA-treated, no MDSC/Treg, and noMDSC+PMA/ionomycin) (see FIGS. 8-20).

Analysis of Cells in the Blood of Tumor-Bearing Mice

Blood from tumor-bearing mice was analyzed for the percentages of Tregsand MDSCs present. There is a decrease in both MDSC and Tregs in theblood of mice after Lm vaccination.

Example 7 Suppressor Cell Function after Listeria Vaccine Treatment

At day 0 tumors were implanted in mice. At day 7 mice were vaccinatedwith Lmdda-E7 or LmddA-PSA. At day 14 tumors were harvested and MDSCsand Treg percentages and numbers were measured for vaccinated and naïvegroups. It was found that there is a decrease in the percentages of bothMDSC and Tregs in the tumors of Listeria-treated mice, whereas the sameeffect is not observed in the spleens or the draining lymph nodes (TLDN)(FIG. 7).

Isolated splenocytes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) extractedfrom tumor bearing mice in the above experiment were pooled and stainedfor CD3, and CD8 to elucidate the effect of immunization with Lm-LLO-E7,Lm-LLO-PSA and Lm-LLO-CA9, Lm-LLO-Her2 (FIG. 8-20) on the presence ofMDSCs and Tregs (both splenic and tumoral MDSCs and Tregs) in the tumor.Each column represents the % of T cell population at a particular celldivision stage and is subgrouped under a particular treatment group(naïve, peptide-CA9 or PSA-treated, no MDSC/Treg, and noMDSC+PMA/ionomycin) (see FIGS. 8-20).

Analysis of Cells in the Blood of Tumor-Bearing Mice

Blood from tumor-bearing mice was analyzed for the percentages of Tregsand MDSCs present. There is a decrease in both MDSC and Tregs in theblood of mice after Lm vaccination.

Example 8 MDSCs from TPSA23 Tumors but not Spleens are Less Suppressiveafter Listeria Vaccination

Suppressor assays were carried out using monocytic and granulocyticMDSCs isolated from TPSA23 tumors with non-specifically activated naïvemurine cells, and specifically activated cells (PSA, CA9,PMA/ionomycyn). Results demonstrated that the MDSCs isolated from tumorsfrom the Lm vaccinated groups have a diminished capacity to suppress thedivision of activated T cells as compared to MDSC from the tumors ofnaïve mice. (see Lm-LLO-PSA and Lm-LLO-treated Groups in FIGS. 8 & 10,right-hand panel in figures represents pooled cell division data fromleft-hand panel). In addition, T responder cells from untreated micewhere no MDSCs were present and where the cells wereunstimulated/activated, remained in their parental (resting) state(FIGS. 8 & 10), whereas T cells stimulated with PMA or ionomycin wereobserved to replicate (FIGS. 8 & 10). Further, it was observed thatboth, the Gr₊ Ly6G₊ and the Gr_(dim)Ly6G-MDSCs are less suppressiveafter treatment with Listeria vaccines. This applies to their decreasedabilities to suppress both the division of activated PSA-specific Tcells and non-specific (PMA/Ionomycin stimulated) T cells.

Moreover, suppressor assays carried out using MDSCs isolated from TPSA23tumors with non-specifically activated naïve murine cells demonstratedthat the MDSCs isolated from tumors from the Lm vaccinated groups have adiminished capacity to suppress the division of activated T cells ascompared to MDSC from the tumors of naïve mice (see FIGS. 8 & 10).

In addition, the observations discussed immediately above relating toFIGS. 8 and 10 were not observed when using splenic MDSCs. In thelatter, splenocytes/T cells from the naïve group, the Listeria-treatedgroup (PSA, CA9), and the PMA/ionomycin stimulated group (positivecontrol) all demonstrated the same level of replication (FIGS. 9 & 11).Hence, these results show that Listeria-mediated inhibition ofsuppressor cells in tumors worked in an antigen-specific andnon-specific manner, whereas Listeria has no effect on splenicgranulocytic MDSCs as they are only suppressive in an antigen-specificmanner.

Example 9 Tumor T Regulatory Cells' Reduced Suppression but not Thosefrom Spleens

Suppressor assays were carried out using Tregs isolated from TPSA23tumors after Listeria treatment. It was observed that after treatmentwith Listeria there is a reduction of the suppressive ability of Tregsfrom tumors (FIG. 12), however, it was found that splenic Tregs arestill suppressive (FIG. 13).

As a control conventional CD4+ T cells were used in place of MDSCs orTregs and were found not to have an effect on cell division (FIG. 14).

Example 10 MDSCs and TREGS from 4T1 Tumors but not Spleens are LessSuppressive after Listeria Vaccination

As in the above, the same experiments were carried out using 4T1 tumorsand the same observations were made, namely, that MDSCs are lesssuppressive after Listeria vaccination (FIGS. 15 & 17), that Listeriahas no specific effect on splenic monocytic MDSCs (FIGS. 16 & 18), thatthere is a decrease in the suppressive ability of Tregs from 4T1 tumorsafter Listeria vaccination (FIG. 19), and that Listeria has no effect onthe suppressive ability of splenic Tregs (FIG. 20).

Finally, it was observed that Listeria has no effect on the suppressiveability of splenic Tregs

The preceding examples are presented in order to more fully illustratethe embodiments of the invention. They should in no way be construed,however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.

Example 11 Listeria Vectors are Capable of Driving a Th1 T-Cell ImmuneResponse Despite Helminth Infection-Mediated Suppression of Th1 T-CellImmune Response

Despite systemic biasing toward Th2, as evidenced by a reduced IFN-γresponse (FIG. 21) and an increase in IL-4 and IL-10 production (FIGS.22 and 23, respectively), antigen-specific production of IFN-γ remainsunchanged (FIG. 24), indicating this vaccine can produce a functionalcell-mediated immune response in the presence of a Th2 environment. Thisobservation suggests that Listeria vector vaccines are capable ofdriving vaccine-specific immune responses in helminth infectedpopulations. Further, Listeria vectors should be considered in thedevelopment of new generation HIV-1, malaria or TB vaccines to beadministered to populations in sub-Saharan Africa where helminthinfection is highly prevalent.

The preceding examples are presented in order to more fully illustratethe embodiments of the invention. They should in no way be construed,however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.

1. A method of reconstituting an immune response in a subject, themethod comprising the step of administering a live attenuatedrecombinant Listeria strain to said subject.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said Listeria strain comprises a nucleic acid molecule, whereinsaid nucleic acid molecule comprises a first open reading frame encodinga PEST-containing polypeptide.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein saidListeria over expresses and secretes said PEST-containing polypeptide.4. The method of claim 3, wherein said PEST-containing polypeptide is anon-hemolytic LLO protein or immunogenic fragment thereof, an Act Aprotein or truncated fragment thereof, or a PEST amino acid sequence. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein said recombinant Listeria comprises amutation or a deletion of a genomic internalin C (inlC) gene, an Act Agene, a PlcA gene, PrfA gene or a PlcB gene.
 6. The method of claim 2,wherein said nucleic acid molecule further comprises a second openreading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme, wherein said metabolic enzymecomplements an endogenous gene that is lacking in the chromosome of saidrecombinant Listeria strain.
 7. (canceled)
 8. The method of claim 6,wherein said metabolic enzyme encoded by said second open reading frameis an alanine racemase enzyme or a D-amino acid transferase enzyme. 9.(canceled)
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein said nucleic acid moleculeis integrated into the Listeria genome.
 11. The method of claim 2,wherein said nucleic acid molecule is in a plasmid that is stablymaintained in said recombinant Listeria vaccine strain in the absence ofantibiotic selection.
 12. (canceled)
 13. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid subject is an adult human, a child or a non-human mammal.
 14. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said method facilitates recovery of immuneresponses following a cytotoxic treatment in said subject. 15.(canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled) 24.(canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. A method of improving theimmunogenicity of a vaccine, said method comprising the step ofco-administering the vaccine and a live attenuated recombinant Listeriastrain to a subject, wherein the Listeria strain enhances theimmunogenicity of said vaccine, thereby improving the immunogenicity ofsaid vaccine.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said Listeria straincomprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising a first open reading frameexpressing a PEST-containing polypeptide.
 29. The method of claim 28,wherein said Listeria over expresses and secretes said PEST-containingpolypeptide.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said PEST-containingpolypeptide is a nonhemolytic LLO protein or immunogenic fragmentthereof, an ActA protein or truncated fragment thereof, or a PEST aminoacid sequence.
 31. The method of claim 27, wherein said Listeria straincomprises a mutation or a deletion of a genomic internalin C (inlC)gene, an ActA gene, a PlcA gene, PrfA gene or a PlcB gene.
 32. Themethod of claim 28, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises asecond open reading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme, wherein saidmetabolic enzyme complements an endogenous gene that is lacking in thechromosome of said recombinant Listeria strain.
 33. (canceled)
 34. Themethod of claim 32, wherein said metabolic enzyme encoded by said secondopen reading frame is an alanine racemase enzyme or a D-amino acidtransferase enzyme.
 35. (canceled)
 36. The method of claim 28, whereinsaid nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the Listeria genome. 37.The method of claim 28, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is in aplasmid that is stably maintained in said recombinant Listeria vaccinestrain in the absence of antibiotic selection.
 38. (canceled)
 39. Themethod of claim 27, wherein said subject is an adult human, a child or anon-human mammal.
 40. The method of claim 27, wherein the Listeriastrain is used alone or is combined with an additional adjuvant.
 41. Themethod of claim 40, wherein said additional adjuvant is a non-nucleicacid adjuvant including aluminum adjuvant, Freund's adjuvant, MPL,emulsion, GM-CSF, QS21, SBAS2, CpG-containing oligonucleotide, anucleotide molecule encoding an immune-stimulating cytokine, comprises abacterial mitogen, or a bacterial toxin.
 42. (canceled)
 43. A method ofenhancing an immune response against a disease in an antigen-independentmanner in a subject, said method comprising administering a liveattenuated recombinant Listeria strain to said subject.
 44. The methodof claim 43, wherein the Listeria strain comprises a nucleic acidmolecule comprising a first open reading frame expressing aPEST-containing polypeptide.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein saidListeria overexpresses and secretes said PEST-containing polypeptide.46. The method of claim 45, wherein said PEST-containing polypeptide isa nonhemolytic LLO protein or immunogenic fragment thereof, an ActAprotein or truncated fragment thereof, or a PEST amino acid sequence.47. The method of claim 44, wherein said Listeria strain comprises amutation or a deletion of a genomic internalin C (inlC) gene, an ActAgene, a PlcA gene, PrfA gene or a PlcB gene.
 48. The method of claim 44,wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a second open reading frameencoding a metabolic enzyme, wherein said metabolic enzyme complementsan endogenous gene that is lacking in the chromosome of said recombinantListeria strain.
 49. (canceled)
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein saidmetabolic enzyme encoded by said second open reading frame is an alanineracemase enzyme or a D-amino acid transferase enzyme.
 51. (canceled) 52.The method of claim 44, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is integratedinto the Listeria genome.
 53. The method of claim 44, wherein saidnucleic acid molecule is in a plasmid that is stably maintained in saidrecombinant Listeria vaccine strain in the absence of antibioticselection.
 54. (canceled)
 55. The method of claim 43, wherein saidsubject is an adult human, a child or a non-human mammal.
 56. The methodof claim 43, wherein the Listeria strain is used alone or is combinedwith an additional adjuvant.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein saidadditional adjuvant is a non-nucleic acid adjuvant including aluminumadjuvant, Freund's adjuvant, MPL, emulsion, GM-CSF, QS21, SBAS2,CpG-containing oligonucleotide, a nucleotide molecule encoding animmune-stimulating cytokine, comprises a bacterial mitogen, or abacterial toxin.
 58. The method of claim 43, wherein said method enablesthe treatment of said disease.
 59. The method of claim 44, wherein saidListeria strain increases a CD8+/T regulatory cells ratio in saiddisease.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein said disease is a cancer,or an infectious disease.